Bariatric Surgery: Types and Applications

Bariatric Surgery Types and ApplicationsThe rise of bariatric surgery is dispersely due to the epidemic of obesity in the get together States. Be take in of this epidemic, the number of bariatric surgeries in 2003 was near 103,000. This number was up from 16,000 in 1992. Americans exhaust gaind in complete obesity. Lack of exercise, failure of diets, the desire to necessitate everything obligation at a fourth dimension, has fueled the explosion of the medical military operation. There atomic number 18 so many obese pot who ar faced with pack induced disease and wellness complications such as diabetes, coronary heart disease, high LDL cholesterol, stroke, hypertension, nonalcoholic fatty colored disease, g eachbladder disease, osteoarthritis (degeneration of cartilage and bone of joints), sleep apnea and other breathing problems. Those with these weight induced diseases have put up that bariatric surgery can make many of these issues dissipate. Medical professionals a rgon now in time considering reducing the weight guidelines for bariatric surgery for deal with these medical issues. Although the surgery has given a new lease on runliness to many, it is imperative that we remember that the procedure is a surgery.Basically, bariatrics is a field of medicine take specializes in treating obesity. When a patient undergoes bariatric surgery, they undergo a luck of transaction that should serve up promote weight harm. At this time, tho those who suffer from dread(a) obesity qualify for bariatric surgery. The results that are desired from bariatric surgery is to produce weight breathing out in the patient by restricting regimen intake by through a working(a) process. There are currently four kinds of operations that are offered in the united States at this time. The Roux-en-Y affirmic by fret (RYGB), biliopancreatic diversion with a duodenal switch (BPD-DS), vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) and adjustable gastric echo (AGB) are all ty pes of bariatric surgeries. Each type of surgery has risks and benefits. Each patient must decide with their sophisticate which option go forth work better for them. Generally food will move a coarse the digestive tract as enzymes and juices absorb nutrients along with calories. The stomach can hold around three pints of food at a time. After leaving the stomach, digestion speeds up. Food moves from the duodenum, to the rest of the 20 foot long humbled intestine. The food that has non been digested once the food reaches the large intestine is stored there until elimination. Bariatric surgery makes some type of change to this process, in line of battle to promote weight expiration.Jejunoileal short was the first operation bring to passd just to cause a patient to lose weight. This surgery was first performed at the University of Minnesota in the 1950s. Physicians no nightlong recommend a Jejunoileal Bypass as a bariatric surgical procedure. The risk that bugger off with gl obal, permanent and severe malabsorption was thought to be too be to dangerous to the patient. This procedure must alike be followed by vital, long term follow ups to be successful. many a(prenominal) patients had to have this procedure reversed in order to live.In this surgery, called JIB for short, the stomach is left intact. The bypass induces a state of malabsorption because it bypasses close of the intestines. This procedure whitethorn have given excellent weight loss to patients but many suffered from complications like vitamin A D deficiencies, protein calorie malnutrition, kidney stones and diarrhea. One major complication was the toxic overgrowth of intestinal bacteria. This caused problems like skin trouble, arthritis, flu-like symptoms and even liver failure. Thankfully, the jejunoileal bypass is no lengthy performed due to its life threatening metabolic consequences.stomachal Bypass was also developed in the late 1960s by Drs. Ito and Mason. It was developed from t he observation of weight loss from patients that had undergone surgery for ulcers. In these surgeries, part of the patients stomach had to be removed. At first, surgeons performed the surgery with a loop bypass. It was shortly recognized that this caused bile reflux. Physicians started performing the operation in 1977, with a piece of intestine that is now fall in to a very small stomach. This is to keep bile from getting to the upper stomach and esophagus. This procedure is now called Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Procedure or RYGBP. It is a mixed restrictive and malabsorptive procedure. The amount of intestine that is bypassed in this particular procedure is not enough to cause malabsorption of nutrients and proteins but the portion of intestine that is bypassed is the site where most of the absorption of iron and calcium should take place. Because of this, the most common long term complication of Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Procedure is anemia and osteoporosis. Patients who undergo th is procedure should prepare for using a mineral hang on long term.The way in which the Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Procedure works is multifaceted. It is thought that many of the behavioral changes patients tint after surgery has to do with hormone alterations and neural signals that are produced in the GI tract. Many patients feel a reduction in hunger and after they eat, feel full sooner. Many no longer suffer from abominable food cravings and take a liking to healthy foods. Then there is a syndrome called dumping which is a sensitivity to kail, that most patients experience. This may include palpitations, diarrhea, and other symptoms. These results happen inwardly ten to thirty minutes of eating foods that consist of high amounts of sugar.In 1994, the Roux-Y gastric bypass was performed as a laparoscopic procedure and has quickly enhanced the surgery. just about patients lose little blood, have shortened infirmary stays and less down time when they undergo the laparoscopic p rocedure, although the operation in more challenging and takes longer than the open procedure.The most common weight loss surgery is now the Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Procedure. Most patients say that they have an attach in their quality of life. It has been proven to result in a changeless weight loss and improvement in obesity related comorbidities. Illnesses such as diabetes, high cholesterol, liver disease, high blood pressure and many more have been proven to be control, improved or even cured.There is a procedure that uses gastric rings to control the size of the stoma in vertical banded gastroplasty. It is called the Ring Gastric Bypass. Surgeons use these rings to maintain the size of stoma and trend stretching. This procedure has become a rational operation that is used to control obesity. With the ring functioning as the stoma, postprandial emesis is limited. The patient has the opportunity to eat various foods like meats and vegetables without problems. This surgery res ults in much(prenominal) more weight loss than in standard gastroplasty. Some complications of ring gastric bypass are marginal ulcers, stenosis, incisional hernia and staple line breakdown.In the surgery, biliopancreatic diversion, there is a change in linguistic rule digestion by making the stomach smaller and bypassing part of the small intestine, so that you take in less calories. There is a biliopancreatic diversion with or without a duodenal switch. In the biliopancreatic diversion surgery without the duodenal switch, some of the stomach is cut away. The remaining part of the stomach is then connected to the bottom part of the intestine. When surgeons do the duodenal switch, only a little part of the stomach is taken away. The rest of the stomach stays attached to the duodenum and then the duodenum is attached to the lower part of the small intestine. It is thought that this process would help to prevent ulcers. Because the duodenum is more tolerant of the acids from the st omach it is much more resistant to ulceration. Cutting away part of the stomach should help reduce the presence of acid. This surgery increases the amount of gastric restriction, helps the patient get the right amount of protein, and decreases the dumping syndrome. Dumping is associated with this surgery as well, although it occurs less often with biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch.Introduced in 1978, Gastric Banding is a purely restrictive bariatric procedure. Dr. Wilkinson developed a nonadjustable gastric banding to go around the upper part of the stomach. Ultimately, the dilatation of the pouch resulted in unsatisfactory weight loss. Dr. Molina, retried the gastric division procedure in 1980. The stomach pouch was made smaller than in Dr. Wilkinsons procedure and a Dacron vascular graft was used to go around the upper stomach. This was eventually replaced because the graft adhered to the liver. Dr. Kusmak in 1983, used a band of silicone to go around the stomach to create a smaller stoma and smaller gastric pouch. In order to make the band adjustable this band was modified later. In 1986, Kuzmak created a silicone and with an inflatable amplify. The device was attached to a reservoir that is beaneath the skin, so that medical practitioners could adjust the band. When the balloon gets blown up, the band gets tighter and reduces weight. When the opposite happens to the balloon, the band gets loose and weight loss is reduced. This device can also be inserted laparascopically. At this time there are many types of adjustable bands available in the United States, none have been seen to be better than the other. In an adjustable band procedure, an intestinal bypass is not a part. Weight loss from restriction of food intake is how this procedure works. The impact on co-morbidities and speedy weight loss is less favorable when compared to the gastric bypass. There are groups who have had to undergo re-operation for long term complications. Some of the complications from this procedure are perforation, band erosion, hernia, band slippage, and a need for a revision.In the early 1970s gastroplasty was designed as a safer alternative to the RYGBP and the JIB. The first purely restrictive operation to treat obesity was made possible by mechanical staples. Riginally gastroplasty was done hotizontal and involved stapling the stomach into a small part by only leaving a small opening for food to pass between the upper to the lower stomach pouchs. This had very poor results for long term weight loss and was stopped. The vertical banded gastroplasty was then introduced. In this procedure there is a low mortality and deficiencies of micronutrients is nearly an abscent. Because of long term studies, VBG is being performed less often. Research shows that cases of weight regain and severe heartburn are high when compared to other procedures.There are many new, up and coming bariatric surgeries and trends in development stages. In 1996, Gastric pacing was first introduced in humans but is still considered experimental. It is an attempt to provide steadfast and significant weight loss that is non-malabsorptive and nonrestrictive. The mechanisim disrupts normal gastric myoelectrical activity, called an IGS, implantable gastric stimulator. Pulses are used to disrupt eating, do you to feel full earlier. There have been setbacks with gastric pacing because of mechanical problems with the electrical leads. Clinical trials for this procedure are ongoing.The EndoBarrier Gastrointestinal Liner, also known as the endoluminal sleeve, is now in the late-stage clinical trials. It is thought that patients may get the benefits of surgery with a simple sleeve, incredible. Data shows that obese individuals achieved almost normal blood sugar levels in a week with uncontrolled diabetes using the endoluminal sleeve liner.As more benefits of bariatric surgery come to light, there has been a push to offer it to more people with lower body ma ss indexes. As diabetes continues to increase, more people will turn to bariatric surgery for its curative powers. Also we will see an increase in programs for obese teens as studies are showing that surgery quickly improves heart health for them. little invasive bariatric procedures are currently being developed. There is a procedure being developed called Transoral gastroplasty. In this procedure, surgeons hope to change the stomach anatomy without any cuts, so that after a small meal, patients will have a feeling of fullness.As the waistline of Americans continues to get larger, bariatric surgery will continue to increase and flourish. With increased knowledge and research, obesity has started to be seen as a molecular(a) disease that has potential molecular explanations. As study continues, bariatric surgery will continue to advance. There may be a time when people will finally be able to avoid this intriguing and dangerous disease called obesity.Does partnership Create Monste rs? Analysis of FrankensteinDoes Society Create Monsters? Analysis of FrankensteinDoes Society create hulks or are we innate(p) that way?Society is the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community. Does society create monsters or are they formed when someone is born? raft in the world love to fit in and do everything one can do to be perfect. Children grow up coning elders and people in the world doing things whether it is good or bad. When people watch someone do something and that someone gets attention for it, everyone runs to do that accredited thing or wear that certain outfit or talk that certain way because people love attention and now age people are willing to do anything for it. The monster showed significant signs to prove he tried to be good, by trying to help people.The story Frankenstein by Mary Shelly is a story about tragic events that happen because a creature is in need of love and attention, only because the monster sees people fr ee others love and attention. Victor Frankenstein creates a monster without knowing that there would be negative sides effects to this the right way creation. Not knowing everyone Frankenstein loved would die because of him not making the right choice. The monster never understood what it was like to be hard-boiled normal, the only person who even treated him nicely was an old un dry landing man who had no idea what he looked like until his children came home and told him. So should one believe that he was born a monster or did society make him this way?The story A small Proposal shows that society can create monsters. The towns people had many problems the biggest one of all was the children. Many people couldnt afford to have them causing people to lose money and then being forced to live on the streets. Finding a solution to this problem was very difficult but one blackguard did come up with one and many took it seriously. Many people thought that eating the children and in fants would lower the existence rate and less people would be forced to live on the streets, because they would have less people/children to fend for. These mothers, instead of being able to work for their honest livelihood, are forced to employ all their time in strolling to beg for sustenance for their mixed-up infants, who, as they grow up, either turn thieves for want of work, or leave their dear native country to fight for the Pretender in Spain, or denounce themselves to the Barbados. (Jonathon Swift) The quote above shows how desperate the mothers and people were because of the children. There is an honest question though if one person had not come up with this idea would anybody else have thought about it? Is society to blame?Although Frankensteins monster made many mistakes and did kill several people because he wanted Frankenstein to be as sad as he was, does not mean that he did not have a good heart. In The Rime of the Ancient Mariner the man sailing on the boat shoo ts the albatross for no reason but because he wanted to. God save thee, ancient mariner From the fiends, that plague thee thus wherefore lookst thou so? With my crossbow I shot the albatross. (Samuel Taylor Coleridge) The mariner had no reason to shoot it, but because he thought it would be cool and a good idea, to please society. In all truths nobody unfeignedly agreed with shooting the albatross and everyone got punished for this mistake that could have been prevented.Frankenstein was born and raised with parents who loved and support him. Yes these people helped raise him and helped him become who he was but nobody forced him to be good or bad. A person could be born good or bad but society does have a big impact and helps one become who they will be for the rest of their life. The innocent and helpless creature bestowed on them by heaven, whom to bring up to good, and whose future lot it was in their hands to select to happiness or misery, according as they fulfilled their du ties towards me. (Mary Shelley)So the question still remains, does society create monsters or are the born that way? With the evidence above could only make one feel that the monster tried to be as good as possible but with the events happening he couldnt truly be happy and every time he tried to find happiness something bad ended up happening. The monster wasnt treated the way he should have been, if society would have treated him better would the monster have hurt all the people he did?Citation PageShelley, Mary. Frankenstein, Penguin Group, 1963Swift, Jonathon., A Modest Proposal, Beverly Chin et, al publisher, Glencoe McCraw Hill 518-524Coleridge, Samuel., Rime of the Ancient Mariner, Beverly Chin et, al publisher, Glencoe McCraw Hill 715-735