'Child Development Models Essay\r'

'This essay testament describe the different explanations for children’s behaviour, examining the Psychodynamic, behaviouristic and Social Learning perspectives. It result similarly evaluate each of these theories and make propagation to their practical application. In doing so, the essay pull up stakes set out how parents, child psychologists, neighborly workers and teachers endure aim to understand children’s behaviour. As Haggerty (2006) states, â€Å"The supposition supporting psychodynamic therapy originated in and is in abidanceed by psychoanalytic theory.” The psychoanalytic approach to therapy was developed by Sigmund Freud, an Austrian psychiatrist. Freud’s model proposed that an individual has tierce elements to their psychological self: the ego, superego and id.\r\nThe id is the most primitive, consisting of generally unconscious mind biological impulses. The ego uses earth and its consequences to modify the behaviour being urged b y the id. The superego judges actions as right or wrong based on the person’s internal value system. (Strickland ed., 2001, p.637) fit to Freud, children progress through various psycho internal stages of development. He claimed that, at plowshareicular points in the process, a single body part is particularly sensitive to erotic excitant (Stevenson, 1996). The first stage begins at family and continues until around 1 year grey-haired. It is setify as The Oral Stage because the peach and lips are the main focus, displaying biting, sucking and cud behaviour.\r\nThe Anal Stage comes next and normally arrives between 1 and 3 old age old. Toilet training encourages the child to approve expelling faeces. At this point the id will be satisfied by this fast pleasure and will be in conflict with the ego and superego, which are touch with controlling bodily functions to satisfy tender expectations and practicality. The Phallic Stage occurs between approximately 3 and 5 years old and contains one of Freud’s most debatable theories, the Oedipus entangled (or Electra complex in females). His theory states that the child becomes focused upon the genital plain and experiences turmoil in the form of an unconscious desire to possess the opposite-sexed parent and kick the bucket the same-sexed parent.\r\nWhat Freud termed the Latency Period comes next. He believed that sexual drive lay dormant due(p) to repressed impulses and desires. At this stage, children focus upon non-sexual activities and form same-sex friendships. At approximately 12 years old, a child faces puberty and enters what Freud classes as The Genital Stage. The focus returns to the genitals only this time in relation to others. at that place is now an interest in relationships and exploring sexual activity.\r\nWhen a child is unable to resolve the conflicts that occur at any of these stages, repair can occur. â€Å"If needs are not met in a satisfactory way or if the i ndividual’s conscience or superego cannot deal with impulses and drives to love and to hate, hence complex character traits emerge” (Errington and Murdin, 2006). For example, oral regression may result in an boastful displaying pessimism, sarcasm or gullibility, whilst phallic fixation may result in presumption or fear of commitment.\r\nFreud, like numerous who begin a movement, now retrieves more than criticism. One area of weakness is the curb scope of his research, as his therapy work generally focused upon upper middle class women. Another popularly criticised aspect of Freud’s work is the emphasis on sexuality as, in his view, everything seems to stem from expression or repression of the sex drive (Boeree, 2006).\r\nDespite criticism, Freud’s methods underpin the commonly held belief that childishness experiences are hugely important to character development. In practical terms, those working with children nowadays place great importance on ensuring that a childhood contains opportunities to develop, to learn the engagement between right and wrong, and to learn to fittingly act upon or repress urges. demeanour therapy is defined as â€Å"A array of psychotherapeutic techniques aimed at altering nonadaptive or unwanted behaviour patterns, oddly through the application of principles of conditioning or learning.” (Colman, 2006). The main influencers of this theory were Pavlov, Watson and Skinner.\r\nIvan Pavlov, later to receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his research into the digestive system, observed that â€Å"…dogs would salivate upon seeing their keeper, on the face of it in anticipation of being fed.” (Strickland ed., 2001, p.478). Pavlov all-embracing his experiment and rang a gong directly before food was served to the dogs. Eventually, the dogs would salivate upon the bell ringing, even if no food was then served. This led Pavlov to develop an understanding of in condition(p ) responses and unconditioned reflexes.\r\n'