Mark Twains Influence on Realism

hold couplings Influence on RealismRealism brought approximately correctts and characters with-in stories that could be easily imagined and related too. The briny contri only ifor during the period of realness was Mark Twain with his novel The Adventures of huckleberry Finn. Mark Twain incorporated his feature real intent experiences into the novels he wrote. Twain expresses legion(predicate) beliefs within golf club of the time period. Twain faultlessly and vividly describes settings, places, and emotions. Twains depiction of the morals and events of the main character in the novel are the most meaning(a) give of how the story incorporates realism.Realism in American Literature was most big(a) between the Civil War and the turn of the century. Realism incorporates many aspects of life so the reader is easily able to relate to the characters and events. Social rank is very important within this period of theme. The characters are more important than any other aspect of the story, without a well developed and accurate character the story will fall apart. Realism opus does non include any type of poetic vocabulary. The vocabulary used in realism writing is normal speech, terms that bulk use any day that may not be proper English plainly a accepted among impersonal conversations. During the time period that this style of writing thrived America was growing and changing as a nation, this provided the perfect habitat for realism writing to flourish (Realism in American Literature).The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is about a neglected young teenage boy. His name is Huck Finn. His father is a mean drunk. The book begins in St. Peters Missouri where his father and he both live. The book tells about the Huck and Toms adventures in great detail. The novel is told employ runner person point of view. This viewpoint allows the reader to easily draw with the story because it is told as if the reader was right their interpreting the events himself (Twa in).Twain gives the cardinal main characters of the book, Tom and Huck, realistic character traits. Both boys live encourage each other and the longer they are friends the more their friendship grows and develops. The boys lay out a nice and sincere attitude, but they use a devious and teenage attitude oftentimes more. They both tend to get into publish like any teenager would (Twain).Twains dialogue doneout the story is leafy vegetable talk. This means the story does not include any poetic books or anything of that nature. The dialogue is true spoken as if it was just a conversation between to normal people. No overly fancy quarrel are used, just normal well known and common vocabulary. apply common vocabulary within story dialect is a decisive part in allowing the reader to relate to the characters. Mark Twain even tells the reader beforehand within the preface of the book about his dialectsIn this book a number of dialects are used, to wit the Missouri lightlessness d ialect the extremist form of the back woods Southwestern dialect the median(a) Pike County dialect and four modified varieties of this last. The shadings have not been through with(p) in a haphazard fashion, or by guesswork but painstakingly, and with the trustworthy guidance and support of personal familiarity with these several forms of speech (Twain Explanatory).Mark Twains characters are well developed and described. The main character Huck is a thoughtful boy who is very intelligent as far as street smarts go, unfortunately he lacks much of a formal breeding (Lombardi). Huck is constantly forming his own conclusions about matters going on in the world during his life. An example of his conclusions about important matters in the world is the handling of unrelenting people, Huck feels they are normal humans and should not be treated any differently then himself. This conclusion like many other of Hucks conclusions goes against the grain of society. Tom, Hucks best friend, is basically Hucks other half whatsoever Huck lacks in character Tom makes up for. Tom has a wild imagination and is a great thinker. Tom is highly influenced by society, unlike Huck. These influences and the effect they have on Tom encourage Huck is his choice to ignore and disregard the common society thinking and go in up with his own conclusions on controversial matters (Byrne).Mark Twains settings were vividly described. He was able to achieve such accuracy within his description because of bygone experiences with in his life most notably his experience as a steamboat pilot. He used a memory of a sunset he had once seen while out on the boat. He describes this sunset in the novel. The vivid description can be seen within just the outset several lines of the 1 page descriptionThe first thing to see, looking away over the water, was a kind of dull line that was the woods on tother side you couldnt make nothing else out then a pale place in the sky then more fairness spreading around then the river softened up away off, and warnt black any more, but gray you could see little dark descry drifting along ever so far away-trading-scows (Twain 163)Mark Twain clearly influenced the development of realism with his novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. The book was able to be related to be so many that it became very controversial. When the book first came out in the year 1884 it was not long after in 1885 that the book was banned from the Concord Public Library (Lombardi). Even through the banning of the book in some areas it still reached many people and had a huge impact. Twain paved the road for Realism writing and no other novel will have as much influence on the time period as his did.Works CitedByrne, William F. Realism, Romanticism, and government activity in Mark Twain. 24 March 2004. 24 December 2009 .Lombardi, Esther. About.com genuine Literature. 4 December 2009. 14 December 2009 .Realism in American Literature. 14 July 2008. 12 December 2009 .Twain, Mark. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. New York Barnes Noble Books, 1885.

The Courier And Parcel Service Companies Marketing Essay

The messenger And Parcel Service Companies Marketing try onThe clients groups presented in figure 1 gull similar requirements from their carious, such as fast shipments, low costs and high quality. However, they may disagree in many ways, for prototype patronise motive and size of shipments. To compete in the global trade, UPS fork overs to all told their clients the most trustworthy and professional solutions in statistical statistical distribution and logistics.To discover levy their customers mirth, Courier companies has created value for their sh beholders and sharing responsibility for their world. To provide real update system that frustrate customers shipment, united portion good for example has implemented UPSNET systems that keep tracking the shipment for long outperform (around 500,000 miles) as tumefy as satellite tracking that tracks thousands of pack maturates in quotidian basis day and connect roughly 1.300 united parcel swear out distribution pl ants in 46 different nations.Further more than, messenger companies have focus onsing on keep reachs for their customers by placing increasing emphasis on the sudden attend to, accuracy and metred deli really together with some ability to their customers to track packages. Responding to their customers needs, a parcel value company has of late adapted impudent technology namely Deli rattling Information Acquisition Device (DIAD), (a bespoke electronic data collector). By adapting this new technology, courier and parcel aid companies have atomic number 18 currently capture both delivery culture and customers signatures. This data then entered into the DIAD and transmitted over the cellular network by means of and through telephones. DIAD system that has recently implemented provides the following benefits for the customers of courier and parcel operate companiesDirect access to customers delivery information (more than five million for parcel table helping packages daily).Customers support track their shipment by phone bustling customer shipments can be bouncen real- beat information on delivery status.A high degree of reliability as a result of the go redundancies and backup systems.The customer operate at courier and parcel service companies always provides customers with all information that they need, exactly time about shipment arrives and who has received it is the most important information customers neediness to know. With many advance technologies adapted, courier and parcel service companies offers truly peak service, both to merchants and to their customers, and can deliver to any constituent of the world. To better get together customers, courier and parcel service companies focus on certainty, rubber and punctuality. Courier and parcel service companies always focus on satisfying our customers in term of politeness and manners of our staff.Furthermore, to provide benefits to its customers, courier and parcel service compa nies have committed to environmental mendments in all of its talk promotion paperboard and credit card envelopes, and corrugated boxes and tubes. Most notably, courier and parcel service companies have removed all fiber from its packages and significantly increased the recycled natural content that does not harm the environment (www.edf.org). Courier and parcel service companies take care the customers demand of slight environment pollutions materials, the new improvements has made by couriers firms while maintaining or improving cost-militantness, customer friendliness, aesthetic attributes and functionality. We can label that courier and parcel service companies ameliorate encase has significantly subvert environmental impacts, consuming fewer raw materials, water and energy during manufacturing, emitting less water and air pollution, and generating less solid waste, both in payoff and disposal after utilize.Courier and parcel service companies understand that their customers differ in their demand. For targeted customers, including lawyers, mortgage brokers, and environmentally driven purchasers, the reusable envelope offers specialised cable benefits by facilitating document returns. This expanded service option of organism able to handling the just-received package as the return package has already enabled Courier and parcel service companies to capture new merged levels and pull new business enterprise from its competitors. Additional market gains are likely from packaging that has redesigned with the customers needs in mind, resulting in the introduction of several innovative multifariousnesss that go on ease of use and enhanced functionality. These customer benefits can increase provoker loyalty. The environmental leadership of courier and parcel service companies can countenance their overall commemorate equity and reputation with customers.Finally, one discover benefit that courier and parcel service companies provide to th eir customers is the easy accessibility and use of their webpage. Courier and parcel service companies have prevailn the advantage to pitch online run and applications before any of its competitors have. The Internet has enabled these firms to offer more work and do business directly with a not bad(p)er number of customers. The website of courier firms also lets customers to check shipping rates worldwide and verify inference of delivery.2. Discuses the contends to trinitrotoluene created by the specific characteristics of servicestrinitrotoluene Express operate is a leading business-to-business acquit delivery company. trinitrotoluenes rates to exceed their customers expectations through strong and efficient delivering of their goods and documents around the world. trinitrotoluene always provides affix-value to their clients by providing the most genuine and competent solutions through delivery networks. foretell 2 show the domestic help and international market lead er.Figure 2 Domestic and international market leader,Top 5 countries 100%= Euro 13 BillionSource http//group.tnt.comWith all, conquestfully history that trinitrotoluene has gained, the recent market researches indicates many challenges to trinitrotoluene as hygienic as some early(a) courier companies to meet its mission and objectives. Studies describe an increasing level of uncertainty is cladding courier incoming market. These studies help the concern about rising costs that may not be offset by price increases as of the completive nature of the market place. Increases the playscript of sales via the internet expected to influence trinitrotoluene as healthy as early(a) courier services business, as they elapsed to be the distributor of choice for many sales companies, also shipping that is more international was being seen as trade liberalized around the world and the economies of ontogenesis countries improved.Furthermore, there is growing consensus between kindites , business forms and politicians about the climate change that harm the environment. The increasing levels of carbon (carbonic acid gas) in the air because of fiber and plastic materials are trapping more heat, thence increasing global temperatures. The global worming phenomenon forget violate rise to all sorts of footmarks and regulations that try to decrease the CO2 emissions around the globe. On difficult situation, that trinitrotoluene faced is to responded to this challenge by replacing plastic materials with more environment friendly and recycle materials.trinitrotoluene realized that demographic trends are changing and creating challenges in the com bewilder of the race across the world. For example, studies explain that Western European countries expected that between 20 per cent and 25 per cent of the population be above the age of sixty-five year old by 2020, while several(prenominal) will live increasingly in cities with more than five million inhabitants, comprise significant distribution challenges to trinitrotoluene as well as other carious services (http//group.tnt.com). Because of the elderly population, expenditure of healthcare will dramati skirty increase. trinitrotoluene realized that this trend have several implications for their transport and distribution chancels, such as growth of healthcare product flows, an increasing demand for consumer distribution networks, and possibly more challenges in attracting and retaining staff.One of the most challenges that trinitrotoluene face is the mergers and acquisitions that would continue in order to remain competitory. trinitrotoluene as well as other firms continues to collaborate with courier firms to increase their services in the face of declines in the volume of letter mail. More recently, TNT has signed up fifty new departmentners in 2005. However, it announced recently that it would no longer develop new partners. As result of this great challenge, TNT has stopped some regional d evelopment programs. TNT has improved and better developed its structure and merged its international and domestic courier services. Nowadays, TNTs courier services cater mainly to multinationals, which offers them both global and local anesthetic courier services (http//www.knowledgeatwharton.com).To responds to mergers and acquisitions challenges, TNT has acquired in China, India and Brazil, and they have to work very hard to be able to meet up TNTs standards within iii years after the acquisition date (http//group.tnt.com). One more challenge is the subcontractors of TNT Corporation. Subcontractors are involved in a substantial part of TNTs revenues, yet for many of them implementation of TNTs standards could be a burden because of the limit size of their operations or cost issues.Moreover, one challenge that persists in carious industries is the healthy and safety issue. For example, TNT faced numerous of health and safety regulations in the countries in which it operates. Whi le their customers stress on the safety of their shipments, TNT executive is committed to enhance the safety by implementing better(p) practices in safety management, processes, systems, tools and facts of life. To response to this challenge, The Board of Management at TNT has provided adequate assets and has established quantifiable objectives and targets to maintain and continually improve TNTs health and safety work.3. Explain why customer care is a bouncy part of TNTs strategy in this competitive industryImproving Customers satisfaction is a key strategy for TNT to better enhance its competitive position in the global market as the leading business-to-business express delivery company in the world. Understanding customers needs and wants will improve TNT business and then increasing profits. To better understand customers, TNT has but motley standards that firsthand developed from their customers feedbacks. It is a sign of TNTs consignment that it only cadences where it has exceeded, rather than just met, customer expectations. TNT attempts to measure their customer satisfaction levels once every quarter, the results of the 2009 Customer Loyalty Measurement (CLM) work clearly indicate the steadily growth across all aspects of their business (http//www.tnt.com).TNT effortful seeks to be a firm that knows its customers and that responds to them with the best products and services that suite them. The only way to achieve this is to measure their customer satisfaction. TNT means that constantly measuring customer satisfaction empty a sustainable competitive advantage, as no rivals firms could replicate the insight and the experiences that TNT has of its customers. As part of its strategy, TNT treats its customers in a friendly and professional, while it focussed on improvement wherever possible. The two focuses look atd to enhance TNT customers locality, and thus profitability. Twice a year, TNT measures their customer satisfaction and loyalty, whic h reaching at least 60% of the trading account base, covering all customer sizes from global to small and customers, and covering all lines of business. The measurement relates to the key customer satisfaction drivers as stated by customers in customer forums. blessedness measured for each key transaction component from the booking through to the invoicing process and analyzed independently with an external specialist provider.Added to paper written report TNT distributed to all their customers, by the call centre department, TNT conducts a customer satisfaction survey among consumers and small and medium sized enterprises served. For the large business firms, TNT conducted an annual survey to measure their satisfaction on services provided. TNT has a method to measure their customers satisfaction. TNT calculate the final notice taken by customers and taking the weight give to values and multiplying this by the score for each value. Figure 3 and 4 shows the customers satisfacti on express for the final score. From TNT management point of view, this score is more relevant and reliable than the consumer score, and in addition, the other scores give virtually the same picture.Figure 3 Customer satisfaction expresses Figure 4 customer satisfaction MailSource http//group.tnt.com/annualreports/annualreport07/annual_report/chap-2.htmlAs employees are internal customers, TNT develop marketing strategy that aims to instilling assumption to their internal customers. To TNT, this means that all employees are valued individual and that TNT consistently enhance and supports development of their employees skills, capabilities and competencies to deliver slaying and enable passage development and personal growth. TNT delegates employees to go the extra mile for their customers that would perform their company values. In return, TNT ensures that all hard workers rewarded. As part of their Human resource strategy, TNT rewards their employees performance according to ma rket practice. TNT seeks to attract, motivate and retain the best employees who meet TNTs current and future goals and objectives.Finally, TNT focuses on customers care (e.g. employees) as part of their marketing strategies because they believe that invigorate and leading employees to a specific level of performance that gives excellent customer experience. The head-managers at TNT expected to treat all stuff with respect, legality and motivation way, employees who work hard rewarded as well as their head-manager. This guard TNT staff feel more responsible for building the consolation possible work environment and create for their team the best bodied culture that focus on performance improvement. TNT aims to similarity impart this philosophy to its subcontractors that enhance their culture of high inspiration.4. What do you see as the main areas of competitive advantage in the future? Explain how TNT can use these to remain a market leaderFrom my reading, I found that there a re many potential competitive advantages in the future for carious industries. On of future competitive advantages is focusing on improving services through the adaption of new technology. In our dynamic business environment, TNT also should constant focus on innovation and ideas that are imperative. In future, the innovations be arrive the product itself. It said that It does not take a production line to compete, just a good idea that work outs all the difference.From my reading I found that the company who adapt the technology prime(prenominal) achieve a competitive advantageous over the other firms. Furthermore, from my understanding, I found that couriers companies, in order to achieve competitive edge they have to distinguish their self and their name. The brand name to carious industry is very important for present and future competitive edge. TNTs thus should develop a strategy that aims to differentiate their brand name through inspiring initiatives on responsible corpora te nationality. Furthermore, I believe that TNT has to make its let reputation building that sustains its future competitiveness.Today, TNT believed to be highly relevant, high-recognized brand for its customers in the Netherlands. However, I believe that outside Europe, TNT, as well as other carious brands that delivery services deemed as low-end and it is still facing insufficient differentiation. In the state of Kuwait TNT is almost extraterrestrial brand name equalityd to HDL, American express and Aramic. Therefore, I believe that for future competitive advantages, TNT a as well as other carious companies should better articulates what makes their brand unique, both internally as well as externally.Furthermore, to be in competitive position in future, TNT has to persist focusing on their quality and performance. Quality and high services performances should not considered as a different issue within a firm and the constant improvement philosophy has to be as an inbuilt part o f the business strategy of TNT as well as other companies in this industry. Like focusing on customers care and add value services, I believe that the quality issue thus should be coordinated into TNT corporate culture. TNT thus should interestingly focus in performance improving of their transportation services as a whole. To achieve this objective, TNT has recently shared in the Logistics and Transport Sustainability gathering (LTSG) of the World Economic Forum. However, I believe that TNT should use the recommendation and directions of its stakeholder as a key for its discussions with its competitors.Future competitive position can by no means to be achieved without focusing on employees training program and education courses. I believe that training staff and motivation play a key part of achieving competitive adage to customers service performance. Employees motivation, communication, commitment and an ability to work in team should take into account when talking new staff, beside academic records and previous years of experiences. I believe that if all employees are given training courses that focus on customer care as part of their induction, this will create better corporate culture that enhance TNT goals and objectives.The key skill in a technology society is the ability to learn. With constant training of employees and personnel to changes in the industry and technology will put companies in a position to better serve their customers that are the driving force for any business. Atkinson uttered There has to be a culture of customer care which is generated throughout the company. if you havent got the right attitude youll never get the job done successfully . (http//www.roadtransport.com)I believe that one of today as well as future competitive advantages that carious company should considered is the social responsibility. TNTs should seek to take part and share the responsibility for the world in which it operates. If TNT considered the social re sponsibility, they would benefits from globalization and the increase in global flows of goods that is a result. As technologies make the distances between the continents get smaller, all residents of this planet are becoming neighbors.This implies that the difficulties of the evolution countries are also the fusss of the developed part of the world, which make a heartrending responsibility on TNT Corporation. Today, TNT is certain that any plans or actions that a firm embarks to better address a major problem can be a vital source of pride for its employees and positively influence a firm reputation. However, I believe that for future competitive edge, sharing the societies responsibility are vital factors for TNT as well as any other carious services in this industry, where success is a direct result of social engagement, their satisfaction and employees and customers trust.5. Critique the methods use to measure customer satisfaction and levels of customer careTNT measure custo mer satisfaction and loyalty in quarter bases by uses various methods to measure customer satisfactions including mail, survey paper form and phone call centers. Feedback from various customers leads TNT to revise their attitude and improve their performance standards. TNT contacts with all of its customers, from multinational businesses to small and customers. In their mission, TNT stated that We aim to always exceed customers expectations. And we encourage our people to go the extra mile. They admit their customers about many aspect of dealing with TNT services. The conventionally key performance forefinger for their failures or success is the extend to which errors were minimized. I believe that this traditionally approach partially reflect the real performance of TNT, even other indicators such as, quality of shipments, speed, and employees friendliness thus should be incorporated too.TNT has established customer satisfaction unit that comprising a driver, dispatch bank oper ative salesperson, clerk and traffic office operator. The unit managed by a supervisor or an executive who prepares an action plan to enhance the progress of the action plan in monthly meetings. Furthermore, TNT has come up with a concept is calls the Perfect Transaction that help in testing performance. this measures all, the elements of delivery such as whether the consignment was collected on time, what condition it arrived in, and whether an accurate invoice was produced, TNT take 10 % of consignments and measure them at random, we believe that this gives us a good view of what is going away on in the business Atkinson says.From my reading, I found that TNT customers express do not considered the question of who is quality or to be blame, their primary focus is on that the service promised and paid to be delivered in time. To better develop and enhance their services based these customers feedback, TNT prepared deliveries on be on time, this become as prime standard of performan ce for TNT. Weekly reports for each location showing actual. Results for all for the following outcomes were introduced and this on-going measurement discipline continues to help refine quality of service, Deliveries on time, misrouted consignments, written matter consignment notes raised and not matched with original documents, and failures to deliver on time analyzed by reason.Increasingly, TNT developed further performance indicator targets for the support processes to include their administrative and selling function. At present, TNT firmly depends on their customers feedback, which provides measures of their ability of satisfy customers. Frequent and unrelenting reporting disciplines continue to help quickly introduce improvements whenever standards are not achieved. A named individual at each depot is responsible for each key performance outcomes and staff is empowered to call on additional resources to achieve take results.From my own perspective, I believe that TNT under taking too frequent monitoring and measuring of their customer satisfaction and loyalty. This could be disadvantageous because trends do not have time to emerge. From my experience, TNT would be better to answer to customer survey results rather than looking at the bigger and longer-term picture. I believe its it is helpful, for example, to set specific improvement targets once or in two ways a year basis and to monitor the effectiveness of these improvements. Importantly, customer research results need to be communicated to employees so that improvements can be made.Finally, TNT would be better if they use various indicators for their success besides measuring errors. To success in the global market, TNT should focus on measuring other aspects that may have but not direct relation to their success, for example measuring employee friendliness, customer expectation toward speed, quality, and prices. Finally, I strongly recommend TNT to compare results of customers survey with vario us competitors in the market. TNT should not be satisfied because the result of their survey is high, but they have always to compare themselves with other market competitive. The aim of this comparisons is that TNT can better understand their weakness and strength related to the industry, which eventually enhance and improve their development.

The Currently Undergoing Change In Business Commerce Essay

The Currently Undergoing transfigure In Business craft EssayAll governings that are currently undergoing some kind of switch. umpteen of these programs on the interpolates resulting from man exploitation dos, such as finishing transfer, business assist engineering, empowerment and quality of the whole.Other initiatives, the mixtures are dependent on the of necessity of the governance to reposition the face of changing combative conditions.A slopped example is the ongoing process of metamorphose at tag Spencer.strategic Change The term is usu both(a)y reserved for such initiatives.These transitions are a steady-going deal re recentd radicals in the memorial tablet, which includes strategy, structure, systems, processes and culture.Success in accomplishing strategic deepen in arrangings is poor people.M both simply do non empathise that the implementation (which is genuinely turning plans into reality), and non the wording that is laborious.To the strategic objective move arounds a reality, it is obligatory to alternate the vogue mint be birth in organizations. This ordain get hold of more than restructuring and new systems.Background of inter tiltFaster pace of interchange is the starting point.Sure, companies live in times of change, indeed, more turbulent age than ever.But what was true for many years.What happened to that last, managers realized that without changes in not completely miss opportunities, can kill or paralyze society.Even if an organization indulges in fin bothy change may be too late to prevent continual arthritis of the company. mark Spencer has been horribly damaged, not only by his lawyer about the size of its reserves, al oneness by managing cattle show that corresponds to unravel.M S, after serving what turned out to be a strong reflection of heavy blows of its reputation and profits fell by a hardly a(prenominal) weak sales.The worst thing is that Suns statistics were accompanied by anecdotal evidence bad choice of c jackpothing for women, miss of resources, seductive shops which confirmed that the problems were not re processd.M S knew that he implyed the renascence to a retailer who fleet feet, a magnet for vendors and managers, and a high-voltage leader in the field of fashion.But M S was neer one of those three things.During the long reign of dominance Rick Greenbury, the amalgamated un needed functions from the past from top to bottom, slowly and deeply conservative.Description of changes in the organizationThe process of change can be difficult,may be slow and painful. bulk by nature do not alike(p) change.Companies naturally do not like change.The question is whether we want to causal agency the implementation of strategic changes in our business, how very much pain we are secure to commit to chartering means for change?We moldiness origin ask the reasons for changes in the business environment?There are four modes of changes that may come up in any company and be seen as the primary cause.The scheme of change centeringManaging change in the tradition of organisational emergence, considers the organization of social systems, and on that pointfore relates to humanistic element in conjunction with the mechanics of the organization.The aim is to improve the efficiency and prosperity by facilitating the organization of the development process so that last the organization is fitted to solve their problems and queue if necessary. Therefore, in order to implement effectual change, the scientist-physician must be able to adapt and apply appropriate rules to the current situation.Familiar places for inclusion in our theories in use were selected for their usefulness, adaptation and integration of members of the organization.They are listed below.Planned changes to the ideal of Lewin (1951)These changes in the oldest and most fundamental are that Lewins change model.It consists of three stages melting, front line and re freezing.The publication is to reduce the peacekeeping forces of organizational demeanor.The movement involves moving behavior of the organization and re-freezing is to stabilize the new state.Lewins saw a change in behaviour of sources in the organization.These forces are trying to brinytain the standard and those who fought for change. form of action questionThe classical model of action look for focuses on the intend changes as an iterative process in which a advance examination on the organization is a way for future research and future needs.Search in the initial phase is estimated to guide research.The model focuses on the massive data collection and identification prior to any action taking place and a careful evaluation later. fierceness is placed on the organization and employ with your doctor to change all stages of the process.Business model is based on the most current research approach to planned change and is often considered synonymous with the IP (Cummings an d Worley, 2005)Kotter prototypeAccording to Kotter, the plans should be established to develop appropriate stages, possible and measurable changes, while engaging, alter and facilitate the participation of tidy sum as right away and as openly as possible (Kotter, 1995, p. 2-3).Changes must be realistic, achievable and measurable (Kotter, 1995, p. 6).These aspects are particularly relevant to oversight and changes in mortal groups.Prior to the organizational changes, the organization must determine what it wants to achieve with this change, wherefore and how he knows that change is achieved.It is the address that is affected by this change and how they leave react.Finally, how changes in the organization are able to achieve alone and what aspects of the changes he needs a specialist or outside booster to achieve. interventionOur diagnosis, offer interventions to deal with errors or problems and help Marks and Spencer in disceptation with other organizations.This list, whi ch is not exhaustive credits towards a cultural change, provided taking into account the wider context, which is defined at the beginning of the quantitative changes in corporate strategy are required.Therefore, the intervention process, which includes culture change, would be go around suited for this case.Transformational changeTransformational change is a relatively new organizational change.Is concerned about radical change and is essentially change the way the organization is perceived both internally and externally and how it works.This type of change would be particularly relevant to the case of Marks and Spencer, as it must radically change the way you operate in a competitive environment.Culture changeThe concept of organizational culture has brought a lot of research and culture, many models buzz off been developed to define measure and stick with the culture.However, little consensus about the nature of culture or to understand.Neverthe slight, culture has become a genuinely(prenominal) important part of the organization and activities covering a culture change welcome increased sharply.Schein (1990), Millward (2005) model of culture is one of the most commonly used, consists of four layers at different levels of consciousness.In the centre of attention of the basic assumptions (unconscious, reactions uncontested guide), values (this is important) and norms (how to stick out), and finally, artefacts (observable behaviours and procedures).This metaphor of culture cannot hope to pay back all the elements of organizational culture, it is a useful peckerwood in the study. contend for changeTo understand how organizations respond to the need for change, we must examine the organizational processes and focussing, organization transformation through additions, deletions or changes to the resource base leads to the achievement of these processes of change.We need to know not only what the organization which markets pull up stakes come, how ni mble they grow, still how they do it.Factors that determine the need for strategic changeOrganizations commonly in response to changes in the external environment, as well as the development of competitive advantages in the organization.External environmental factors, includingSocial factors much(prenominal) as changes in demographics and purchasing habits of consumers.Legal factorsLegal pressures that force organizations to admit with the law changes, for example, in response to environmental legislation.Economic factorsRelate to the booms and declines in economic activity in general, changes in interest rates, inflation, etc. semipolitical factorsThese are related to wider policy changes for example the government to take a particular line of the privatization / role of government in society. proficient factorsTechnological aspects of technological advances such as developing new methods based on point of sale by the company.In addition to these factors, he slept a significan t impact on the organization, making competition.Slept analysis is an analysis of the major changes in the environment of the organization.This is sometimes called environmental scanning.Managing change is a let out aspect of how the organization responds to changes in an appropriate manner.Todays managers believe that in the future, organizations need more leading who can use the talents of the organization in achieving its objectives, the development of a culture that believes change as an opportunity rather than a threat, regularly invent the organization, legallyplanning and implementing change.To succeed in this environment, managers have to do the right things in the existing well-defined procedures and limitations.Predictable and stalls environment reduces the need to mobilize the organizations capacity, flexibility, creativity and innovation.The environment has changed radically, and succeederful organizations and their managersshould behave differently.Managers in to days environment are needed totransformation of the organization, to develop good relationships with internal and externalstakeholders, run horizontally and vertically, and not the entire culture linesenable employees and the development of networks and alliances.Stakeholders in developing a strategy changeStakeholders are those who have direct interest in the organization and may be beneficial, and harmful to the organization if not properly treated if a policy is adopted in order to keep the company and they should in like manner participate in company affairs and decision making.The system is planned in this direction in which we can pass our message to all actors in society and be in the best interest of the latter. reasonable about of it is in any case relevant for people who do not want to change or resist change.The behaviour of these people also consider.Resistance to changeResponses to organizational change initiatives are no different.In the beginning there is a small p roportion of the early adopters those who want to participate, because I just changed a breakthrough that pull up stakes lead to better conditions.Most of the people affected by the initiative of the changes will be far less enthusiastic than the early adopters, but over time they will eventually accept and adjust to it.Finally, the group will not be very resilient, many of whom will never adapt to the changes in place.This range of behaviour results from a normal distribution.It is a natural phenomenon intuitively understood by most managers of change.Unfortunately, though perhaps unconsciously, to understand the phenomenon, these managers often do not use this knowledge to better organize an effective change.The aim is to adopt the first to develop their support and consciously use their influence to fixedness up the most reluctant to change.It is important to understand that they do not reflect the impact of hierarchical position.Leaders are natural leaders and respected funct ional experts who are well connected.They are nodes in the social, business, political sympathies and conferences networks, and their sphere of influence goes beyond the scope of their parent organization. plot of ground these influential illustrate its support for the changes, they are a marketing tool more powerful than any message issued by the office of managing change.Strategies should be performed on the leaders of high or medium, the goal is to transform them into the first users, and use its influence over the end of the interest or commitment.For those who cannot be pulled forward or to the small force, aims to accelerate the speed of their adaptation to help them better understand and prepare for the consequences of change.It is also focusing on people who are able to adapt, but because of its unique combination of knowledge, skills or abilities, but a significant contribution.Some people will be reluctant or unable to adapt to change.They are already able to contend th eir acceptance and respect for a change, otherwise, may suffer the consequences illuminate.Include initiatives that will affect change, how it will affect them and what their reactions might be important for the success of the strategy changes.When an organization brings new things about people, there will be problems. Participation, involvement and open, early, full communication are important factors.How to tell change to peopleThe workshops are very useful process to develop a common understanding, methods, principles, methods, systems, ideas, etc.Surveys are useful to repair the damage and lack of trust among employees if you allow people to fill them out anonymously, and provided that publish and implement the findings.You cannot force change individuals and police squads must have the right to seek their own solutions and responses, the facilitation and management support, tolerance and compassion for managers and executives.Management style and leadership behaviour are mo re important than intelligence and the political process.Employees must have confidence in the organization.A leader must listen to and work with these ideas, or change can be very painful, and soon will be lost in the process.You may also find that the main problem is the resistance of the people and defence of someone who is in the organization, what you do. afterwards this challenge, you can begin to compare what is happening with what the organization intends to do (mission, values, goals, priorities, targets, tonality performance indicators, process measures), as people feel things (marketing, maintenance workers, team spirit and attitudes) as well as customers and suppliers feel too much (in fact, go out and find clients and former clients in particular).Follow the protocol is very difficult you have properly with people and explain who you are and what you do.Be polite.Respect the people more than usual because they are sensitive, it is understandable.The framework for cha nge management at Marks SpencerMarks Spencer has been under pressure to change the external economic factors and not yet answered correctly.It is for this reason that the approach proposed amendment is necessary to initiate and implement change is being driven by the management of physician (s).Using current models and theories of change management in the organization development, proposed a framework for planned changes that could be used by Marks Spencer.Context of ChangingFirst, in the context of the situation to be communicate in order to develop appropriate methods of change.This can be through with(p) in three dimensionsThe volume changes Incremental change to solve particular proposition problems such as lack of communication and low customer mirth Quantum amendment to change the basic functioning of organizations, including the structure and cultureDegree of organization Over-organized where policies are too rigid for effective action due to poor communication, conflic t avoidance, etc. Sub-structured where there is too little regulation for the effective operation due to lack of direction and coordination structure.Domestic vs International heathen differences, in particular between Eastern and Western societies, for example, Asian countries tend to be hierarchical and North America deal with individuality.It can be difficult to implement change, which encourages openness among employees when it is not viewed positively.In the case of Marks and Spencer, the order of change is that major changes in the quantum of culture, structure and strategy must be addressed.They will be included in the applied intervention.They are also highly organized society with the management system now that he is honoured to be part of the overall problem.Although the system successfully in the past, is steeped in ancient culture and able to adapt to a redesigned image of Marks Spencer.Therefore, the process of change at Marks Spencer will focus on softening of the structure.General review, Marks Spencer, will be treated as a citizen of the operation of this case, since closed down its operations in europium and North America sold its franchise stores in Hong Kong.The model change is composed of seven travel to help developers to the key issues of transformation.Activities focus on people, leadership, trust, vision, empowerment, celebration and institutionalization.Despite the emerging linear stages can occur simultaneously. strong communication is the mortar.There must be open and honest communication in every step of the process, and communication needs to combine these steps together.Nothing can destroy the effort to change sooner or permanently, that poor communication.Here are the steps for effective transition.Assessment and solve human problemsContractor changes need to invest time and effort to understand the problems of people does not appear in place of those who suffered, and then practice the golden rule of treating others as t hey would be treated.Exercise strong leadership in the organizationWithout strong leadership, positive change will not.leaders can no longer be the domain of a few organizations all the staff responsible should do what it takes to achieve organizational goals.This is especially true when change must occur.Many must step in and assume leadership.Spreading leadership and decision-making responsibilities, inspires and motivates everyone to play a role in implementing the changes. expression trust in the leadershipConfidence is simply the legal opinion that it would suffer if threatened.Obviously, the level of mutual trust between labour and management or between supervisors and subordinates affects the health of the organization.Clearly articulate the vision to allIf you want to change, please explain the reason and purpose of fundamental change. People cannot have a real idea of where the organization is or what problems it faces. You have to tell them.They need to understand the pu rpose for the desired result.Be ready to answer these questions What is the problem?Who said that?What happens if you do not change?Creating an useful environmentOrganizations can do everything possible to prepare the ground for change in response to the concerns of people in order to demonstrate strong leadership, building trust, formulating a vision all, that is, but to create an environment to enable success.Honest answer is that you can get almost as much as you want to manage anything else of a turbulent, messy, chaotic nature, it is not in truth manage it, talk with her.It is a question of leadership is one of management skills.The first thing to do is jump in. You cannot do something outside.A clear sense of mission or purpose is essential.A simple mission, the better.Building a team that can work hard and one of them is the team leader.Pick people with relevant skills and high energy levels.Youll need two. institute flexible priorities.You must have the ability to drop what youre doing and tend to something more important.Treat everything as a temporary measure.Ask for volunteers.You will be surprised that arises.You will be pleasantly surprised what you can do. note a good boss or team leader and sojourn in his way.ConclusionIn concluding this report, we can say that effective reforms introduced to the strategy are to maximize the huge returns if these changes are well managed.In this report, and Spencer takes on the characters thinking and different models are also discussed to show the strategic shift from Marks Spencer, which is a leading company in the UK, but suffered from some activities for that has to change, and finally models Kotter and Lewins,a representative of the role of stakeholders that their existence in the affairs of the company is very necessary to be able to adjunction in their decisions and At last appropriate model is also developed, which will provide guidance for better performance.Dont Do Change for the Sake of Change Do Change to Enhance Organizational Performance

Intrusion detection system for internet

usurpation descryion g all overnance for netABSTRACTThe visibility to key the rapid appendage of Internet approachs becomes an important issue in internet tribute ashes. impact signal sleuthing remains (IDS) acts as inevitable complement to firewall for supervise mailboats on the calculator meshwork, performing analysis and incident-responses to the suspicious affair.This report presents the design, execution and experimentation of Network violation detective work clay (NIDS), which aims at providing rough-and- pay off mesh topology and anomalousness ground trespass catching using analysis of variance (Analysis of Variance) statistic. A generic agreement assumeling approach and architecture argon design for building the NIDS with riding habitful functionalities. Solving the shortcomings of latest statistical methods in unusual person found network aggression detecting form is one(a) of the design objectives in this project as all of them reflec t the necessary improvements in the network- ground IDS industry.Throughout the schema development of NIDS, several(prenominal) aspects for building an affectional network- ground IDS ar emphasized, much(prenominal) as the statistical method follow outation, packet analysis and contracting capabilities. A step by step anomalousness undercover work using analysis of variance (Analysis of Variance) running game has been calculated in the report.Chapter 1 innovationThis chapter is introduction to the whole project. This chapter introduce the project, its motivation, main(prenominal) objective and advance objectives. The chapter akinwise give brief methodology of the look. introductionThe Though with the rapid growth of estimator networks constrain life faster and easier, art object on the sepa pose side it makes life in underwrite as well. Internet banking, on strain buying, selling, on internet, is now part of our daily life, along with that, if we look at growing inc idents of cyber sharpshoots, earnest become a problem of great signifi domicilece. Firewalls ar no longer considered sufficient for reliable guarantor, especially against zero actus reus ardours. The security concern companies atomic deed 18 now moving towards an additional mold of protection in the form of Intrusion Detection organisation.D.Yang, A.Usynin W.Hines (2006) explain infringement and snipe spotting asAny action that is non lawfully get outed for a drug user to dispatch towards an reading scheme is called infraction and on touch on undercover work is a process of detecting and tracing inappropriate, and incorrect, or preposterous occupation targeted at reason and networking resources 16. Idea of incursion undercover work was prime(prenominal) introduced in 1980 (J.P Anderson) and first irreverence maculation model was suggested in 1987 (D.E.Denning). Intrusion Prevention musical arrangement (IPS) is considered as first channel of defenc e and Intrusion Detection Systems argon considered as second line defence 16. IDS be useful once an impact has occurred to block the resulting damage. Snot is best modelling of working Intrusion Detection System and Intrusion Prevention Systems (IDS/IPS) create by Sourcefire. Which combine the acquires of signature, protocol and anomaly based inspection.IDS can be classified in to misuse detecting and anomaly sleuthing. Misuse sensing or signature based IDS can detect misdemeanour based on known attack patterns or known organisation vulnerabilities or known intrusive scenarios where as anomaly impingement detection or not-use detection systems ar useful against zero -day attacks, pseudo zero-day attack. anomaly based IDS based on assumption that behaviour of intruder is different from blueprint user. anomaly detection systems can be divided into nonmoving and dynamic, S.Chebrolu, et al A.Abraham J.P.Thomas (2004). Static anomaly detectors assume that the portion of system being monitored lead not change and they in the main address the softw be surface bea of the system 17. Protocol anomaly detection could be the best example of static anomaly detection 17. Dynamic anomaly detection systems operate on network merchandise selective culture or audit enters and that will be the main bea of my interest in research.Anomaly IDS has become a popular research bea due to strength of tracing zero-day threats, B.Schneier (2002). It looks user profiles and audit records etc, and targets the intruder by identifying the deviation from normal user behaviour and alert from capableness unseen attacks 18. Active attacks bind more tendencies to be traced as compared to passive attacks, but in ideal IDS we try to traces both. Anomaly based Intrusion detection system are the next propagation IDS and in system defence they are considered as second line of defence. In that research my main concentration will be self-control of receipts attacks th eir types and how to trace them.MotivationsThough Internet is the well knowing engineering science of the day but still there are security concerns such as internet security and availability. The big threat to information security and availability is onset and self- refutation-of- serving attacks. Since the existing internet was developed approximately 40 year ago, at that time the priorities were different. and and thence unexpected growth of internet result exhaustion IPV4 address along with that it brings lots of security issues as well. harmonize to the CERT statistical information 44,074 vulnerabilities had been reported till 2008.Intrusion is the main issue in ready reckoner networks. There are to a fault umpteen signature based encroachment detection are utilise inwardly information systems. But these assault detection systems can only detect known rape. An early(a)(a) approach called anomaly based intrusion detection is the dominant technology now. Many estab lishments are working on anomaly based intrusion detection systems. Many organizations such as mom Institute of Technology are providing information solidification for this typifyping. Motivated by the observation that there is lots of work is done using the mama Institute of Technology (MIT) information sets.An new(prenominal) aspect of the anomaly based intrusion detection system is statistical method. There are too some(prenominal) a(prenominal) good multivariate statistical proficiencys e,g Multivariate Cumulative append (MCUSUM) and Multivariate Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (MEWMA) are employ for anomaly detection in the barbaric of manufacturing systems 3. Theoretically, these multivariate statistical methods can be employ to intrusion detection for examining and detecting anomaly of a subject in the wild of information science. Practically it is not likely because of the computationally intensive procedures of these statistical proficiencys cannot me et the requirements of intrusion detection systems for several reasons. First, intrusion detection systems deal with huge amount of high-dimensional process data because of large summate of behaviours and a high frequency of events occurrence 3. Second, intrusion detection systems demand a minimum delay of processing of from distributively one event in electronic data processor systems to make sure an early detection and signals of intrusions. Therefore, a method which study the variation is called ANOVA statistic would be employ in this research.But there is no research available that start apply ANOVA and F statistic on data sets collected by The Cooperative Association for Internet data Analysis (CAIDA). The data sets provided by CAIDA are unique in their nature as it does not contain any session flow, any traffic among the attacker and the attack victim. It contains only reflections from the attack victim that went back to other real or spoof IP addresses. It creates t rouble in estimating the attack. I will income tax return that trouble as challenge. explore QuestionIn this section I will explore the substance objective of the research and a path map to achieve those objectives.During that research I will study data sets called backscatter-2008, collected by CAIDA for demurrer of services attacks. I will use statistical technique ANOVA to detect anomaly activities in computer networks.My research is guided by five questions.What is an intrusion and intrusion detection system? How can we classify intrusion detection system?What are different methodologies proposed for intrusion detection systems?How to analyse the CAIDA Backscatter-2008 data sets and make them ready for future study and analysis.How to figure out the different types of DOS attacks.How to implement ANOVA statistical techniques to detect anomaly in networks trafficsAims and ObjectivesDos attacks are too many in numbers and it is not possible to talk about all the dos attacks in one paper. In this paper I will look to detect anomaly in network traffic using number of packets.Main/Core objectives of the researchReview literary works of recent intrusion detection approaches and techniques.Discuss incumbent intrusion detection system used in computer networksObtaining a data set from CAIDA organization for analysis and future study.Pre-process the trace collected by CAIDA, make it ready for future analysis.Recognizing the normal and anomaly network traffic in CAIDA dataset called backscatter-2008.Investigate Analyse deviated network traffic using MATLAB for different variants of denial of services attacks.Review of existing statistical techniques for anomaly detection paygrade of the proposed system modelAdvance Objectives of the researchExtend the system model to detect new security attacks.Investigating and analysing the ANOVA statistical techniques over other statistics for anomaly detection in computer networks.Nature and methodologyThe area of rese arch is related with detecting anomaly traffic in computer networks. The revolution in processing and storage capabilities in the computing made it possible to capture, store computer network traffic and indeed different kind of data patterns are derived from the captured data traffic. These data patterns are analysed to build profile for the network traffic. Deviations from these normal profiles will be considered anomaly in the computer network traffic. This research presents a study of photograph in transmission control protocol/IP and attacks that can be initiated. Also the purpose of research is to study TCP flags, find dissemination for the network traffic and then apply ANOVA statistical techniques to identify potential anomaly traffic on the network.Report StructureChapter 1 IntroductionThis chapter is about the normal overview of the project .First of all introduction about the topic is precondition then motivation of the research is discussed. Core objectives and gene ral road map of the project is discussed under the heading of research question. Aims and objectives are described to alter readers to understand the code and advance objectives of the research and general overview of the research. Nature and methodological analysis holds the nature of research and what methods will be used during that research to make the research question and to achieve core and advance objectives. Lastly at the end all chapters in the report are introduced.Chapter 2 Research BackgroundThe main focus of this chapter to explain what is Intrusion and Detection wherefore we aim Intrusion Detection Systems, types and techniques being used for Intrusion Detection Systems, Challenges and problems of Intrusion Detection System.Chapter 3 shelter Vulnerabilities and Threats in computing machine NetworksThis area of report is dedicated to the Network credential in general and issues with computer networks. Then types of Denial of services attacks are described in ge neral. This chapter withal include Types of DOS attacks and brief description of each attack.Chapter 4 Data SourceData sets collected and uploaded by CAIDA on their network commit are not in a format to be process straight a federal agency. This chapter described in detail how to obtain those data sets. Then all the necessary steps that are carried out on the data sets to convert that trace into format that is understood by MATLAB for final analysis. It to a fault includes the problems faced during the pre-processing of data sets as there not enough existent available on internet for pre-processing of datasets and the application used during that phase.Chapter 5 System clay sculptureAs the research is based on TCP/IP protocol So it is vital to discuss the TCP and the weak points that allow that attacker to take advantage and use them for malicious purpose. What measures could be interpreted to recognize the attacks well before they happen and how to stop them. In this chapter I will discuss the Intrusion detection Model and features of proposed IDS and finally the steps in proposed model.Chapter 6 ANOVA Statistic and Test Results Implementation in Proposed ModelThis chapter is the core chapter of this project. This chapter all about focus on statistical test in intrusion detection systems particularly on ANOVA statistics. In this chapter first, the existing statistical techniques are analysed for intrusion detection. ANOVA calculation, deployment in intrusion detection system, backscatter-2008 data set distribution and other categories wise distribution will be explained in this chapter. Finally in the chapter, includes the graphs of the data sets and ANOVA and F statistic graphs are shown.Chapter 7 Discussion and conclusionFinally I will sum up my project in this chapter. It will include conclusion of research. Personal improvements of during that project because during that project I been through my experiences that later on I found in the project th at is helpful in other areas. Finally the goals that are achieved through entire project. outlineThis chapter will change reader to understand the general overview of the research. First of all the different research questions are identified. Then the objectives of the research are described which includes both core and advanced objectives. What is the nature of the research and which method will be used in it are in picture. The topic provides overall background information. what is more explanation of the report structure and brief description of all the chapters are also included in this chapter.Chapter 2 Research BackgroundIntroductionThe focus of this chapter is to explain, what is intrusion and intrusion detection system. Why we need Intrusion Detection System. This chapter also discuss types and techniques used for Intrusion Detection Systems. Goals, challenges and problems are the main parts of the Intrusion Detection System are also explained in this chapter.Intrusion Det ection System (IDS)A computer intrusion is the number of events that breaches the security of a system. Such number of events must be detected in proactive manner in coiffe to stock warrant the confidentiality, right and availability of resources of a computer system. An intrusion into an information system is a malicious activity that compromises its security (e.g. integrity, confidentiality, and availability) through a serial of events in the information system. For example intrusion whitethorn compromise the integrity and confidentiality of an information system by gaining root aim annoy and then modifying and stealing information. Another type of intrusion is denial-of-service intrusion that compromises the availability of an information system by overflowing a master of ceremonies with an overwhelming number of service implores to the server over short period of time and gum olibanum makes services unavailable to legitimate users. According to D. Yang, A. Usynin W. H ines, they describe intrusion and intrusion detection as Any action that is not legally allowed for a user to take towards an information system is called intrusion and intrusion detection is a process of detecting and tracing inappropriate, and incorrect, or anomalous activity targeted at computing and networking resources.Why we need Intrusion Detection SystemTo provide guarantee of integrity, confidentiality and availability of the computer system resources, we need a system that supervise events, processes and actions within an information system 1. The limitations of current handed-down methods, misconfigured control access policies and also the misconfigured firewalls policies in computer systems and computer network security systems (Basic motivation to prevent security failures), along with increasing number of exploitable bugs in computer network software, have made it very diaphanous to design security oriented monitoring systems to supervise system events in context of security violations 1.These traditional systems do not notify the system administrator about the misuses or anomaly events in the system. So we need a system which provides proactive decision about misuse or anomaly events, so therefore from last two decades the intrusion detection systems importance is growing day by day. Now a age intrusion detection system plays vital role in an organization computers security infrastructure.Types of Intrusion Detection SystemIntrusion detection system is a technique that supervises computers or networks for unauthorized login, events, activity, or file skip or modifications 1. Intrusion detection system can also be designed to monitor network traffic, so it can detect denial of service attacks, such as SYN, RST, ICMP attacks. Typically intrusion detection system can be classified into two types 1. innkeeper-Based Intrusion Detection System (HIDS)Network-Based Intrusion Detection System (NIDS)Each of the above two types of intrusion detection s ystem has their own different approach to supervise, monitor and stiff data, and each has distinct merits and demerits. In short words, force based intrusion detection system analyse activity occurrence on separate computers, while on the other hand network based IDSs examine traffic of the whole computer network.Host-Based Intrusion Detection SystemHost based intrusion detection gather and analyse audit records from a computer that provide services such as Password services, DHCP services, web services etc 1. The host based intrusion detection systems (HIDS) are mostly platform dependent because each platform has different audit record from other platforms. It includes an agent on a host which detect intrusion by examining system audit records, for example audit record may be system calls, application logs, file-system modification (access control list data base modification, password file modification) and other system or users events or actions on the system. Intrusion detec tion system were first developed and implemented as a host based 1. In host based intrusion detection systems once the audit records is aggregated for a circumstantial computer, it can be sent to a central machine for analysis, or it can be examined for analysis on the local machine as well. These types of intrusion detection systems are highly effective for detecting at bottom intrusion events. An unauthorized modification, accesses, and retrieval of files can detect effectively by host based intrusion detection system. Issues involve in host based intrusion detection systems is the collection of audit records for thousands of computer may insufficient or ineffective. Windows NT/2000 security events logs, RDMS audit sources, UNIX Syslog, and Enterprises Management systems audit data (such as Tivoli) are the possible executions of the host based intrusion detection system.Network-Based Intrusion Detection SystemNetwork-based intrusion detection system (NIDS) is entirely platform independent intrusion detection system which predicts intrusion in network traffic by analysing network traffic such as frames , packets and TCP segments (network address, port number, protocols TCP headers, TCP flags etc) and network bandwidth as well. The NIDS examines and compared the captured packets with already analysed data to recognize their nature for anomaly or malicious activity. NIDS is supervision the whole network, so it should be more distributed than HIDS. NIDS does not examine information that originate from a computer but uses specials techniques like packet sniffing to take out data from TCP/IP or other protocols locomotion along the computer network 1. HIDS and NIDS can also be used as combination. My project focus on network based intrusion detection systems, in this project we analyse TCP flags for detecting intrusions.Techniques use in Existing IDSIn the above section we discussed about the general existing type of the intrusion detection system. Now the ques tion arises that how these intrusion detection system detect the intrusion. There are two major(ip) techniques are used for above each intrusion detection system to detect intruder.Signature Detection or Misuse DetectionAnomaly DetectionSignature Detection or Misuse DetectionThis technique commonly called signature detection, this technique first derives a pattern for each known intrusive scenarios and then it is stored in a data base 3. These patterns are called signatures. A signature can be as guileless as a three failed login or a pattern that matches a specific portion of network traffic or it may be a sequence of string or bits 1. Then this technique tests the current behaviour of the subject with store signature data base and signals an intrusion when there is a same pattern match. The main limitation in this technique, that it cannot detect new attacks whose signatures are unknown.Anomaly DetectionIn this technique the IDS develop a profile of the subjects normal behaviour (norm profile) or service line of normal usage patterns. Subject of interest may be a host system, user, privileged program, file, computer network etc. Then this technique compare the discover behaviour of the subject with its normal profile and demoralize an intrusion when the subjects observe activity departs from its normal profile 3. For comparison, anomaly detection method use statistical techniques e,g ANOVA K-mean, Standard Deviations, Linear regressions, etc 2. In my project, I am using ANOVA statistic for anomaly detection. Anomaly detection technique can detect both known and new intrusion in the information system if and only if, there is departure between norm and observed profile 3. For example, in denial of service attack, intrusion occurs through bombardmenting a server, the ratio of the events to the server is much high than the events ratio of the norm operation condition 3.Issues and Challenges in the IDSAn intrusion detection system should recognize a substa ntial percentage of intrusion while maintain the false alarm rate at acceptable level 4. The major challenge for IDS is the base rate hallucination. The base rate fallacy can be explained in false positive false negative. morose positive substance when there is no intrusion and the IDS detect intrusion in the event. False negative when there is an intrusion in the events and the IDS does not detect it. Unfortunately, the nature of the probability includes, and the overlapping area between the observed and training data, it is very difficult to keep the standard of the high rate of detections with low rate of false alarms 4. According study held on the current intrusion detection systems depicted that the existing intrusion detection systems have not solved the problem of base rate fallacy 4.SummaryAn intrusion into information system compromises security of the information system. A system, called intrusion detection is used to detect intrusion into information system. The two ma jor types of IDS are HIDS and NIDS. The host based intrusion detection system monitor mostly the events on the host computer, while the NIDS monitor the activity of the computer network system. There are two approaches implemented for intrusion detection in IDS, anomaly and signature. Anomaly use statistical methods for detecting anomaly in the observed behaviour while signature check patterns in it. Base rate fallacy is the major challenge for IDS.Chapter 3 Security Vulnerabilities and threats in NetworksIntroductionIn this chapter we are going to discuss the computer and network security. For computer security, there are some other terminologies like vulnerability, exploitability and threats are discussed as well in the chapter. Then chapter focus on Denial of Service attack, which is the most dominant attack in the wild of computer science. The chapter also concentrate the all aspects of the denial of service attack.Computer SecurityIn the early days of the internet, network atta cks have been a difficult problem. As the economy, business, banks and organization and society becomes more dependent on the internet, network attacks put a problem of huge significance. Computer security preclude attacker from getting the objectives through unauthorized use of computers and networks 5. According to the Robert C. Searcord Security has developmental and operational elements 5. Developmental security means, developing secure software with secure design and flawless implementation 5. Operational Security means, securing the implemented system and networks from attacks. In computer security the following terminologies are used most commonly 5.Security Policy A set of rules and rehearses that are typically implemented by the network or system administrator to their system or network to protect it from attacks are called security policies.Security Flaw A software fault that offers a potential security risk is called security flaw.Vulnerability the term vulnerability is a set of conditions through malicious user implicitly or explicitly violates security policy.Exploit a set of tools, software, or techniques that get benefit of security vulnerability to breach implicit or explicit security policy 5.The term information security and network security are often used interchangeably. However, this project focus intrusion in computer networks, so we are going to discuss network security. The term network security is the techniques that are used to protect data from the hacker travelling on computer networks.Network security IssuesThere are many issued involved in the network security but the following are the most common.Known vulnerabilities are too many and new vulnerabilities are being discovered every day.In denial of service attack when the malicious user, attack on the resources of the remote server, so there is no typical instruction to distinguish bad and good requests.Vulnerability in TCP/IP protocols.Denial of service AttacksA denial of servi ce attacks or distributed denial of service attack is an attempt to make computer resources exhausts or disable or unavailable to its legitimate users. These resources may be network bandwidth, computing power, computer services, or operate system data structure. When this attack is launched from a single machine, or network node then it is called denial of service attack. But now days in the computer wild the most serious threat is distributed denial of service attack 4.In distributed denial of service attack, the attacker first gain access to the number of host throughout the internet, then the attacker uses these victims as launch pad simultaneously or in a coordinated path to launch the attack upon the targets.There are two basic classes of state of matter attacks logic attacks and resource attacks. Ping-of-Death, exploits current software flaws to degrade or wreck the remote server is an example of the logic attacks. While on the other hand in resource attacks, the victims CPU, remembering, or network resources are overwhelmed by throwing large amount of wrong requests. Because the remote server, does not punctuate the bad and good request, so to defend attack on resources is not possible. Various denials of service attacks have some special characteristics Oleksii ignatenko explain the characteristics of the denial of service attacks as in the figure 1.Your web browser may not support pageant of this image.Figure 1 Denial of service attack characteristicsAttack type a denial of service can be a distributed (when it comes from many sources) or non-distributed (when it comes from only one source).Attack dealion attack direction may be network or system resources.Attack Scheme Attack Scheme can be direct from malicious users source or it can be reflections form other victims systems, or it can be hidden.Attack Method Method means that vulnerability that allows attack. Targeted attack utilizes vulnerability in protocols, software and services, wh ile habit method consumes all possible resources. Exploitive attacks take advantages of defects in operating system. operating systemMethods for Implementing Denial of Service AttacksA denial of service attack can be implemented in many slipway the following are the most common implantation techniques set out to flood a network, thereby stopping legitimate network trafficAttempt to interrupt connections between two systems, thereby preclude access to a serviceAttempt to prevent a specific user from accessing a serviceThe flood method can be deployed in many ways but the following are well known in the wild of networks system.TCP-SYN FloodICMP FloodRST attackTCP-SYN Flood In order to achieve the TCP-SYN flood the attacker tries to establish the connection to the server. Normally a client establishes a connection to the server through three way handshake. In three way handshake,The client or any transmitter sends the TCP packet with the SYN flag set.The server or receiver receives the TCP packet, it sends TCP packet with both SYN and ACK bits are set.The client receives SYN-ACK packet and send ACK packet to the server.The three way handshake can easily be understood in the figure 2Client ServerYour browser may not support display of this image.Your browser may not support display of this image.Your browser may not support display of this image.Your browser may not support display of this image.Your browser may not support display of this image.Figure 2 Three way HandshakeThis is called three way handshake of TCP connection establishment. So in SYN flood what the attacker does, he sends SYN packet to the server and the server responds with SYN-ACK packets but the attacker does not sends the ACK packet. If the server does not receive the ACK packet from the client it will resends a SYN-ACK packet again after hold for 3 seconds. If SYN-ACK still does not arrive, the server will send another(prenominal) SYN-ACK after 6 seconds. This doubling in time continuous f or a total of 4 or 6 attempts (the exact number depends upon the implementation of the TCP protocol on the server side) 8. So in SYN flood the attacker install Zombies on Internet hosts and sends huge amount of SYN request from spoof IP to the server or any host on the internet and utilize all the server or host memory and data structure. In this way the server get busy and is not able to accept request or respond to

Market Analysis and International Investment

merchandise Analysis and planetary Investment1-(A) From various editions of the Economist, gain duration series data of good-looking mac wrongs for 3 countries and assess whether get reason Parity ( palatopharyngoplasty) holds. deal whether the ( greathearted Mac mightiness) is a good Price top executive to be used in this analysis.AnswerThe economists epic Mac indicator shown in table 1 has been used since 1986 as an indicator aimed to assess how palatopharyngoplasty (Purchasing Power Parity) stands once against most massd currencies such us the US buck.Before entering into further analyses, it is worth providing some germane(predicate) information on the PPP hypothesis and assess whether the Big Mac business leader implicitly delivers points of comparison that subsequently reflect commuting esteem parity conditions across 120 nations where this widely distributed known burger is largely sold.1Purchasing power parity theory by Rudiger Dornbush (Salamanca Sc hool) attempts to explain that two currencies even off in compensation owing to the difference mingled with the range at which the two countries under watch atomic number 18 inflating. In relation to this, the profound article of faith of the PPP theory lies in the law of a bingle price. This law can be simply explained found on the commodities trade whereby companies around the world t end up to purchase goods from countries where these are more militant in terms of price.2Following this low gear hypothesis, there is a stopping point mechanism kickoff when goods are purchased abroad and at the same time the want for foreign specie declarations in increasing the value of the coin and putting extra pressure on the price of the good itself. base on this scenario, the PPP entails that two currencies should stand at a take where buying the same goods in the two countries is equivalent. Furthermore, the theory projects that actual sound change array volition remain constant with and through time.establish on further research, this work lays out some elements that intervene as potential culprits for non letting the PPP system ope rank oer a short and medium-term horizon. As a relevant consideration to the key outings and major blow to the PPP theory, the foreign counterchange securities industry framework has changed considerably oer the last years moving transpose gait from fixed to floating. In the same context of use, capital movements and internal policies now explain differentials in transform rank rather than a simplistic scenario of tack and demand of goods.3 For instance, in 1973 the inunct embargo led unexpectedly the United States, Japan and Italy to deprecating their currencies as a result of gold pressure.According to Buiter and Miller (1992), the supercede rate accommodation mechanism has a much broader significance than the unmatchable explained by PPPs scope the sub rate is a measurement of competitiveness as a progressive or non-casual variable. Therefore, exchange rate is a price that reflects an efficient foreign fiscal merchandise ramble as opposed to a predetermined state controlled through market forces exclusively.Supporting the previous introduction and with regard to the Big Mac index straitsway between two years in a row, PPP does not always hold. Moreover, due to the com plant of the product, Big Mac does not reflect a truthful price index to determine whether an exchange rate is undervalued or overvalued. According to the economist magazine, Big Macs are not cross-border trading goods as approximately 55% to 60% of the product cost is represented by non-traded goods such us labour, rent and services. Therefore, a price index with no dependence on world-wide trading cannot to the full reflect exchange rate comparisons every country has a preposterous competitive position mainly produced by internal structures and calculates such us labour market, productivity and purchas ing condenser.Purchasing power parity theory brings cear shortcomings and most of them can be determined superficially by the Big Mac index and its trend. The most commonly menti peerless(prenominal)d problems behind the use of PPPTrade BarriersChanges in patterns of demand and outturnSimilar purchasing patterns and sagaciousness in productsVarying price indicesTaxationLong-term vs. short-term brainpowerTable 1 shows full coverage for the Big Mac index over a large group of countries. As a complemental part of the analysis this work has chosen two currencies to compare against the US buck and determine the PPP trend between 2004 and 2005.In 2004 the Big Mac price in the US was US$ 2.90 compared to US$1.26 in China and US$ 5.18 in Norway. In 2005 the corresponding prices represented an increment of the US price by 5.5% to US$ 3.06, 0.7% in China and 16.9% in Norway r for separately oneing prices of US$1.27 and US$6.06 respectively.Following the PPP theory, it indicates that e xchange rate move to rectify changes in inflation rates. In 2004 Chinas up-to-dateness was 57% undervalued and Norway 79% overvalued the model expects that an inflationary process in the US of 5.5% would have generated a rectifying movement to close gaps. On the contrary, while the Big Mac price index in the US lift by 5.5%, Chinas property dropped further from 57% undervalued to 59% and Norway continued the other coordinateion and got appreciated dramatically from 79% to 98%. If Big Macs could be exported, no buyers would be looking at Norway since its real international competitiveness is far below. However, in terms of purchasing capacity the Norwegians are potentially capable of purchasing Big Macs as their income per head is considerably higher than in US and China.(B)Choose any two countries and collect (approximately) one year of daily data of a forth exchange rate, the spot exchange rate and the two corresponding gratify rates. chamberpot you make any merchandise pro fits? Carefully discuss.AnswerTo control surface the discussion about the exchange rate market and its relationship with affaire rates, the answer introduces the concept of Eurocurrency market. This is a marketplace where participants make money through borrowing and depositing currencies at a price dictated by interest rates. In this regard, the legal proceeding period varies as short as overnight and in some cases as ample as five years.For this doing the answer considers one participant and two currencies, US one dollar bill and GBP based on data from 2005 central bank statistics. On January 31st 2005, this somebody borrowed US$ 18833.000 in the US and made the decision to arbitrage in GPB pounds. Diagram 1.0 illustrates the foreign exchange arbitrage based on the use of financial instruments to generate profits.Diagram 1.0Source Author calculationsBorrowed at US$ 18833.000 at 4.83% and one repayment at the end of the first year (365 day repayment of US$ 19743.633) survey potential arbitrageSell US$ 18833.000 to buy superior pounds at GBP/USD 1.8833 and obtained 10000.000Made deposit of 10000.000 at 6.20% for 12 months and agreed to received 10482.999Same take a forward hug to buy US$ 19742.633 1year forward at sustaining GBP/USD at 1.8526 and sell 10657.256 losses (36.716)The arbitrage would produce losses as USD appreciates against the US dollar on a 12-month period you cannot make profits.2-(A) Discuss the importance of the exchange rate as an economical variable for international investment decisions or for importers and exporters.AnswerExchange rates are a key factor that concerning their mechanisms of adjustments and vulnerability originates differential positions and volatility happen in spite of appearance an economic outlook. In relation to this matter, Buiter and Millers approach (1992) explains that monetary policies combining prices stabilisation, capital freedom and rational expectations in the foreign exchange market produce a t ransitional incumbrance on the take of international competitiveness and leave industry sectors exposed.4For financial assets and exchange rates levels, international trade activities have rapidly evolved into a more positive and complex sector that operates freely within a global economic system and lead economies to frequently reaching higher levels of surpluses or deficits. On a daily basis scenario, portfolio strategist search for competitive positions worldwide that match investment targets. Concerning the structure of the investment, foreign exchange forecasts are a driving force at the stage of resources allocation and use of financial instruments (Derivatives).But how the exchange rates intervene as a determinant economic variable and in which sectors they deliver benefits or vice-versa?Milton Friedman gives his opinion to this question, starting by responding on the effects over exchange rates through monetary policies he says ..monetary policy actions affect asset port folios in first instance, spending decisions in the second, which translate into effects on output and so on prices. The changes in exchange rates are in crop mostly a response to these effects of home policy (on output and prices?) and of similar policy abroad..5. If one assumed Friedmans comments, municipal policies move exchange rates affecting decisions in a certain(p) order.With regards to international trade, one of the most compelling examples on how exchange rates affect the performance of particular sectors compared to others is the case of the British sparing. On one hand an overvalued pound has jeopardised to some extent the lack of competitiveness of the industrial production and exports in the UK by soaring internal prices and changing the amentaceous structure of the country. Conversely, on the other hand the levels of interest rates together with a hygienic currency have triggered capital inflows, which are be allocated on different asset classes and also in t he continuous ascension of service sectors (i.e. financial Services).To ensure the mechanism linking imports and exports with exchange rates, Maurice Levi (1990) explains that on a return and demand setting the supply curve of a currency illustrates the quantity of that currency supplied and the price of the currency, given by the exchange rate, the supply curve of a currency is calculated as a result of a countrys demand for imports. This event occurs when buyers pay for imports that are sold in foreign currency, then the countrys recipients of the goods must(prenominal) sell their domestic currency for the requested foreign exchange and when imports are invoiced in local currency the foreign beneficiary of the currency sells it. In any case imports result in the countrys currency being supplied. The amount of the currency supplied is equal to the value of imports.6On the contrary, the demand curve for a currency shows the value of the currency that is demanded at each likely exchange rate. The need to buy a countrys currency takes off from the need to pay for the countrys exports the currencys demand curved is derived from the countrys export supply curve, which shows the volume of exports at each price of exports7.To summarise the answer, exchange rates send self-coloured signals to both, portfolio investors and international traders however the degree of the effect varies depending on the competitive position of the economy. In terms of traded goods, exchange rates place the level of international competitiveness of goods compared to the same goods in other country. On investment allocations such us bonds and equities, an exchange rates outlook is inbred to sustain or withdraw positions.In relation to investments, exchange rate risk is generated by uncertainty in the hereafter exchange rates at which the asset or liability will be converted into dollars. Thus, bonds, foreign stocks, real estates and accounts receivable and payable may be motif to exchange rate risk if their value in home currency is beaten by exchange rates.Concerning imports and exports of services such us tourism, banking services, consulting, engineer amongst others react to exchange rates variations in the same way as imports and exports of goods.(B) Collect data for 3 countries of your choice and assess the importance of the exchange rate for international equity investors. Use different investment horizons. law investors react to market sentiments, set out overall investment positions and soulfulness strategies underpinned by economic forecasts. Decisions are based upon a group variables and future scenarios for instance it is widely recognised the existing inverse relation between interest rates and equities. When interest rates are moved up by major central banks such us the Federal Reserve, European Central Bank (ECB), Bank of England and Bank of Japan, shares lose momentum and in most of the cases fall.In terms of foreign exchange conditions, inv estors go hanker on equities when they feel comfortable with correct valuation of the currency and if the economys balance of payments works in line with the external position of the country. In other words, the exchange rate is determined by the aggregative equilibrium between currency demand and supply. If any country is not in the position to sustain its competitiveness on its currency it sends strong signal for investment decisions.The following three countries US, UK and China have been selected to understand how bursaries respond or relate to changes in exchange rateUS Dow Jones (1-Y Horizon)US is a highly liquid market, Chart 1.0 shows market transactions above 2 billion US dollars a day sustaining levels over 1 year horizon. The Dow index moved up from 10500 (approx) in June 2005 developing by 3.8% (approx) to June 9th 2006. In chart 2.0 Euro gains grounds on the US dollar by almost 5% over the same period as shown on the Dow Jones outlook above. Thus, Euro appreciated by 5% against US dollar and Dow Jones with a slight growth without losing transaction levels. Hence, no particular direct correlation is found on the two variables (Exchange rate and Stock Index). However, it is relevant to clarify that more components such us interest rates expectations, unemployment levels in the US and Euro land, mortgage activities, retail index and companies profitability have an effect on these trends.UK FTSE (2-Year Horizon)In a 2-year Horizon, FTSE shows strong momentum soaring by 22% (approximately from 4500 to 5500) uptrend with a relevant drop in June 2006 due to oil prices and decision on interest rates accommodation by the feed and ECB. This analysis in terms of the pound outlook shows two scenarios for the currency. In 2004 starts at GBP/USD1.82 falling to its 18-month lowest level to 1.72 (5.8%), then it picks up again and in less than 5 months rebounds to 1.85. Again the analysis does not find a direct relationship between a positive poise FTSE trend and sterling variations.CHINA Shanghai Composite 6-Month HorizonThe triad example involves Chinese Yuan and US Dollar, which have experient international trade growth five times faster than in nineties decade. On one hand, Chinese moved from being the 9th most consequential destination for US Exports to being currently the 4th delivering an impressive uptrend in 2005 above 20% increase (United States Trade Representatives, 2006). On the other hand, the effect of Chinese exports has been stronger, in 2004 chinas trade surplus with the US increased by 24.5% to 202 billion US dollars, the largest between two economies tally to the Economic polity Institute in 2006.Over the last 6 months, the Chinese Yuan has not followed a revaluation against the US Dollar as it would have been expected due the international trade context explained before (only 2% appreciation). In relation to the Shanghai composite index, it has experienced spectacular growth outperforming other stock markets ( 44% increases in the same period). found on these figures, the analysis indicates, exchange rate is not the driving factor to buy stock in China investors continue forecasting strong growth in Chinese listed companies due to strong internal market performance, domestic consumption as well as industry development.3- right away is the 16th of December 1998.You are a small importer/exporter having to pay 5,000,000 on the 26th of February 1999.You are concerned about exchange rate risk and you are considering using currency futures to hedge your currency risk. What would be your hedged and unhedged outcome with hindsight? Carefully explain what will happen over this hedging period with your margin account. One Pound greatest futures contract is 62,500 and the sign and maintenance margins are $2,295 and $1,700 respectively.Answer (Using spreadsheet Market) and concepts from Brian Kettell (Financial Economics p321-330)In futures the principle is to sell what is overpriced and buy what is underpriced.In this example if the GBP/USD is overpriced (futures) less US dollars per Sterling pounds you should sell the futures contract on February 26th 1999 (Long emplacement in the berth Market), which means purchase GDP/USD at the cytosmear Rate Spot Price FuturesGBP/USD 1.6750-08 1.6060-1.5998 (at a Premium)The advice for the US importer is to protect the US value by hedging 80 contracts of Sterling Pounds using futures contracts. However, in this case the US dollar as of February 26th when the payment will be made, the futures price shows a US dollar at a premium, which means, the dollar will appreciate.ActionUnit of Trading PoundsGo long in the future market selling your futures contract (right to deliver at 1.6060) and holding on at the the Spot Market.Currency Hedge US dollar against British Pound5.000.000 at a spot rate February 26th 1999Action buy future Contracts 62.500Number of contracts 80 hold dear locked on December 16th 1998 62.500 x 1.6750= US$ 104.687Val ue of each futures contract on February 26th 199962500 x 1.6060 = US$ 100.375Net clear of each contract US$4. 312 x 80 = US$ 344.960 (Hedging profits)At the end of the period, without hedging you would have benefited as US dollar got appreciated. However, with hedging you will obtain profit margins of US$ 4312 in each contract improving your initial margins.BibliographyBank of England Statistics available at http//www.bankofengland.co.uk/statistics/index.htmEconomic Policy Institute available athttp//www.epinet.org/content.cfm/webfeatures_econindicators_tradepict20060210The Economist Big Mac Index available athttp//www.economist.com/markets/bigmac/displayStory.cfm?story_id=4065603Federal Reserve Statistics available athttp//www.federalreserve.gov/datadownload/Build.aspx?rel=H15Kettell, B. (2001) Financial Economics, Making Sense of Market Information Prentice Hall capital of the United KingdomLevi, M (1990). International Finance, the Markets and Financial Management of Multination al Business. McGraw-Hill Series in Finance United StatesMacDonald R, Taylor M, (1992). Exchange Rate Economics Volume I Monetary Policy and International Competitiveness The problems of adjustments Willem H. Buiter and Marcus Miller, Published by Edward Elgar EnglandWalmsley, J. (1996). International Money and Foreign Exchange Markets, An introduction. Published by John Wiley Sons Ltd Baffins path Chichester. West SussexAppendixAppendix I. Daily DataEnd month averageDaily forwardweighted interestpremium/ send awayrate, instantDaily average of 4rate, 12 months, USSpot exchange rate,access deposit,UK Banks base ratesDollarUS $ into SterlingBank branch accountsIUDAMIHXUDLDFYXUDLUSSIUMTHAI04-Jan-054.75-3.0751.8833n/a05-Jan-054.75-3.0051.8881n/a06-Jan-054.75-2.971.8754n/a07-Jan-054.75-2.9251.868n/a10-Jan-054.75-2.9051.8748n/a11-Jan-054.75-2.851.877n/a12-Jan-054.75-2.8951.8932n/a13-Jan-054.75-2.851.8806n/a14-Jan-054.75-2.7551.8684n/a17-Jan-054.75-2.7151.8593n/a18-Jan-054.75-2.851.8669n/ a19-Jan-054.75-2.8951.8769n/a20-Jan-054.75-2.931.8706n/a21-Jan-054.75-2.921.8693n/a24-Jan-054.75-2.941.8757n/a25-Jan-054.75-2.891.8647n/a26-Jan-054.75-2.9551.8815n/a27-Jan-054.75-2.9451.8864n/a28-Jan-054.75-2.9351.8829n/a31-Jan-054.75-2.921.88592.1801-Feb-054.75-2.91.8799n/a02-Feb-054.75-2.8951.8848n/a03-Feb-054.75-2.841.8794n/a04-Feb-054.75-2.8851.8858n/a07-Feb-054.75-2.8351.8657n/a08-Feb-054.75-2.8551.8561n/a09-Feb-054.75-2.9651.8578n/a10-Feb-054.75-2.951.8712n/a11-Feb-054.75-2.961.8654n/a14-Feb-054.75-2.9451.8869n/a15-Feb-054.75-2.9351.8872n/a16-Feb-054.75-2.831.8786n/a17-Feb-054.75-2.811.8906n/a18-Feb-054.75-2.791.8944n/a21-Feb-054.75-2.81.897n/a22-Feb-054.75-2.91.9057n/a23-Feb-054.75-2.9851.906n/a24-Feb-054.75-2.9551.9077n/a25-Feb-054.75-2.891.9153n/a28-Feb-054.75-2.891.92572.1801-Mar-054.75-2.8751.9198n/a02-Mar-054.75-2.941.9101n/a03-Mar-054.75-2.91.9084n/a04-Mar-054.75-2.8851.9258n/a07-Mar-054.75-2.871.9139n/a08-Mar-054.75-2.861.9311n/a09-Mar-054.75-2.8351.9212n/a10-Mar-054.7 5-2.771.9236n/a11-Mar-054.75-2.721.927n/a14-Mar-054.75-2.641.9119n/a15-Mar-054.75-2.611.9157n/a16-Mar-054.75-2.651.9284n/a17-Mar-054.75-2.5951.9237n/a18-Mar-054.75-2.5551.9155n/a21-Mar-054.75-2.5151.8962n/a22-Mar-05