Social contract theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Social contract theory - Essay Example Therefore in a political sense, the State is the representation of the means by which a group of individuals relate to each other out of the common will to live with other human beings in the community. Hegel views the State as the agent of true freedom for the individual. The basis of self consciousness in an individual, according to Hegel, lies not in his active thinking actions but in the active desires existing within the individual which are in negation. Hegel views self consciousness as desire and he believes that self consciousness can exist only through sublation in a referent other. The certainty of self and individual existence may be obtained through the gratification of the individual’s desires, however these are conditioned by the other; certainty exists only through the cancellation of the other, therefore if a cancellation of the desire is to be effected, there must be the other. (Hegel, 1967). Therefore Hegel does not view the individual a splaying a significant role in politics, except as a part of an institution, i.e, the State. The State is the form of inward self-expression of the people in an objective form. The validation of the individual would exist only in the form of recognition attained from others. For example, where individual ownership of property is concerned, such a property would belong to the person only to the extent that it is recognized by others, i.e, by the State. Being thus recognized by others symbolizes the individual’s struggle for recognition. The State in effect represents the subjective will of a collective group of people. Applying Hegel’s views, an individual’s nature is governed by desire and his self consciousness expresses itself in the form of the gratification of desires. However, according to Hegel, such gratification of desires can occur only in the context of some referent other, i.e, individual recognition is dependent upon recognition by others. In

Computerized Payroll System for GTZ Printing Press Essay Example for Free

Computerized Payroll System for GTZ Printing Press Essay I am find no words at my command to express our deepest sense of gratitude to the almighty GOD, the most Gracious, the most Merciful and the most Beneficent, who gives us the talent to complete this task successfully. He is the one who gave us the courage to do this. I am are much obliged to our beloved parents whose prayers have enabled us to reach this stage. At this occasion we can’t forget our parents for their guidance at the crucial moments of our life. I am are very thankful to Marmolejo Naryvic T. whose guidance is always with us. Who always encouraged us and his guidance us to complete this project. We are greatly thankful to our adviser Ms. Cecilia Abaricia who helped us in proposal writing and gave us a lot of helping material and suggestion. Her specific comments, corrections, critiques and criticisms were the most helpful. Acknowledgement The researcher would like to acknowledge the following persons in making this research work successful: Almighty God, for the gift of wisdom and strength in creating this kind of research work; Ms. Cecilia Abaricia thesis adviser, for her time, patience, and effort in sharing her knowledge in correcting this research work; Naryvic T. Marmolejo for his instructions and tips in the development of the system that was developed by the researchers. Mr. Alex Hipolito, Finance Officer, for sharing his expertise in payroll procedures of their company And above all to the Great Almighty God who give us strength, courage presence of mind, guidance and inspiration to finish my study.

Stages of Human Nature Essay -- Essays Papers

"the more profoundly a man thinks, the more tenderly he feels, the more highly he rates himself, the greater the distance grows between him and the other animals- the more he appears as the genius among the animals-the closer he will get to the true nature of the world and to a knowledge of it: this he does in fact do through science." ~Friedrich Nietzsche1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Stages of Human Nature Throughout history, human beings have encountered many changes that have altered the way society has viewed them. The cruel hands of history, which constantly hold the foundation of the mind and the spirit, have shaped human nature. Knowledge is the tool by which these hands create different views and mold new beliefs. Human nature is the product of history and is always at the mercy of the fruits of knowledge, such as new philosophies and scientific discoveries. These ideologies have redefined social institutions and changed their methods of dealing with the individual person through new understanding. History has the power to enhance the nature of human beings, and to destroy it. In some instances, the good of the individual is stressed, while at other times, the individual nature is lost in the shuffle of politics, governments, and the selfish interests of the strong. Although human nature has been dragged through the mud of the past, it still gains from history a sense of itself and its environment. Human nature has gone through several different stages in the course of history, and it has been defined and redefined through different social institutions and selfish individuals in power. Karl Jaspers in a discussion on the philosopher Friedrich... ...ated and changed throughout history. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Works Cited 1 Friedrich Nietzsche, Human, All Too Human, trans. R.J. Hollingdale (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986),27 2 Karl Jaspers, Nietzsche: An Introduction to the Understanding of his Philosophical Activity, trans. Charles F. Wallraff and Frederick J. Schmitz (Tuscon: The University of Arizona Press, 1965), 231 3 Perry M. Rogers, Aspects of Western Civilization Problems and Sources in History, Third Edition, Volume II. (Uppersaddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1992), 23 4 Rogers, Aspects of Western Civilization, 80 5 Rogers, Aspects of Western Civilization, 141 6 Rogers, Aspects of Western Civilization, 540 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Biblical Foundations

Biblical Foundations Paper Many people play a part in curriculum development and design in secular and non-secular school systems. This may include society, government, church, and family. Before developing a curriculum components are considered where educational questions are asked and answered with a probable cause in order to set goals and objectives from standards to make up the curriculum. Educators in both secular and non-secular schools have to decide what content is meaningful and purposeful for students to learn. Christian philosophy and worldviewLearning takes place through experience and individual study from both a teacher and a student. From a biblical prospective teaching and learning all points to God as the Creator and Sustainer of all reality. If planning with the purpose of applying biblical principles, educators should direct principles not only at the content being taught but also to the development of a biblical worldview of the students and the way they learn. I n my opinion, God made all persons unique in their own special way so that they can contribute their special gifts, talents, experiences, and insights throughout society just as his son Jesus did.The bible makes it clear that God calls us to be a community in society which we all contribute our special gifts given to us (Van Brummelen, 2009). To teach means to take the lead in planning appropriate lessons catered to each individualized learning styles covering all contents in lessons by producing a variety of ways to capture the attention of students. Educators can use the appropriate tools to apply principles to essential questions, objectives, key learning activities, and classroom management strategies to determine whether lesson and unit plans lead towards the purpose that’s desire to achieve.Jesus captured the attention of many through his teachings because he taught like no other he was unique and reached people from their level of understanding through his teachings. A scripture that comes to mind is Proverbs 22:6 which states â€Å"train up a child in the way he should go: and when he is old, he will not depart from it† (KJV). When teachers train students through modeling and through educational principles they are able to effectively train a child to grow up with morals and values as well as how to be productive members of society, and how to respond correctly to the world that surrounds them.Personal belief about truth of society The Bible explains that no one is perfect in this world, Romans 3:23 says, â€Å"For all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God† Romans 3:10 states â€Å"None is righteous, no, not one† (KJV). Therefore, we all have flaws and should work on doing good rather than evil teaching the way of being righteous and doing what is expected of us. Galatians 5:22-23 says, â€Å"But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, self-control; again st such things there is no law† (KJV).Being effective means knowing how to recognize problems that deals with situations from multiple perspectives. Teachers can rely on their professional knowledge and judgment to take action by knowing the consequences of solved problems whether good or bad. A good teacher sets the tone and lays the foundation for students to succeed with learning by implementing great strategies to encourage and promote self discipline in a positive classroom environment. Roles of the teacher and learner Teachers play a very important role in influencing and in increasing students’ interests in an active-learning environment (Rotgans and Schmidt, 2011). Timothy 2:15 notes, â€Å"study to shew thyself approved unto God, a workman that needeth not to be ashamed† (KJV). An important part of the education process is to give students the tools needed to integrate what they learn, know, and believe in order to mature in a way that will remain with t hem for the rest of their lives. As a Christian teaching in a public school, I can most definitely explain what I teach differently from a Christian teacher due to my character principals I follow to guide me daily throughout life.I can teach students to question what they know, what they think they know, why they think they know it, and then begin to lead them to the truth about the lessons being taught. I can answer questions that might arrive based on my beliefs using logical thoughts derived from my opinion. With my teaching principles, as in Jesus’ ministry, there is a strong link between standards, objectives and outcomes. I feel that students need to know what is important and not forget. As with me, following the example ofJesus by modeling and practicing what I believe not only communicates the content but also gives students the strategies, skills, and processes they will need to apply the truth about learning. Using assessments, reinforcement, and reviews that will link declarative knowledge and procedural knowledge will also enable students to retrieve and apply knowledge gained in real-life situations. We as educators must remember that we are working with the future that students possess and that we have the unique opportunity to have a major impact on the lives of students.Roles of the society, government, church, and family in the development of curriculum Politics influence curriculum design and development because it all starts with starts funding. Public and private educational institutions both rely on politics for funding, hiring of personnel, building, and maintaining facilities, and equipment. Mainly all aspects of curriculum depend on local, state and national political standards in which affects curriculum development. According to Ganly (2007), the federal government mostly influence the range of the curriculum found in the classrooms.The state provides support materials and a guide for each subject area and grade level. The st ate also determines what students should be learning and provides a list of approved materials that can be used in the classroom. The state sets the standards on what students should be learning and forms committees holding public meetings where they listen to different interest's and opinions on curriculum form members of the community. After suggestions are considered the state sets rules for student standards. The District provides materials for teaching such as state standards and pacing guides to the curriculum.The district also reviews material that can be used in the classroom and recommends specific materials that should be purchased. The community plays a very important role in influencing curriculum in a school. Different community groups such as religious, political, and varying associations influence a school by effecting what topics may be taught. The community is also influential when deciding on things to implement and use because they are actively involved in distric t decisions about proposed materials. The community plays a role in extra curricula activities by hosting different clubs, teams, and events.Families of students also play a role in the curriculum through surveys that are established giving feedback on how they feel the curriculum is helping with student learning. Parents’ opinion matter due to their perception of education and the needs of the school system that helps in teaching learning principals of education. â€Å"When parents are involved in their children's education, both children and parents are likely to benefit† (Brown, 2000). References Brown, P. C. (2000). Involving parents in the education of their children. Retrieved from http://www. idsource. com/kidsource/content2/Involving_parents. html Ganly, S. (2007). The key players in curriculum development in United States schools. Retrieved from http://voices. yahoo. com/the-key-players-curriculum-development-united-535636. html Rotgans, J. I. , & Schmidt, H. G. (2011). The role of teachers in facilitating situational interest in an active learning classroom. Teaching and Teacher Education, 27, 37-42. Van Brummelen, Haro. (2009). Walking with God in the classroom: Christian Approaches to Teaching and Learning 3rd Edition

Quality caring in nursing: applying theory to clinical practice, education, and leadership Essay

Leadership styles Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was one of the utmost and futurist leaders that the world has ever experienced. His mark is consummate and the weight of his endeavors will be realized by many generations. There are numerous traits that molded Martin Luther King to the universal rights principal during his days. This very leadership proficiency can be duplicated in nursing practice that would mould us into professionals, partner, person and friend all around. Martin Luther King possessed a lot of traits that explain why he was very vibrant and prominent as a civil rights leader. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how Martin Luther King leadership skills can be applied in nursing and health care.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Myers Briggs model of personality is very effective since it greatly helped me to identify my personal traits. I also came to learn that I share some characters with other people. I completed the MMDIâ„ ¢ personality test, to identify these traits which helped me to identify some of the similarities and differences. I believe this will help me to find a pleasant career, expand my self-awareness, become an influential leader or improve affiliation skills in nursing and health practices. However, there are eight Myers Briggs personality types. To become a fulfilled and effective leader I have to maintain an excellent balance between my contextual demand and my preferences. Leadership profile is a unique combination of preferences for the eight styles. I prefer to use a balance of all the styles. In addition, being a good leader depends on the culture and context. I am a participative leader since I love to engage people in the directive t aken and its achievement. I love valuing other people to attain the objective through cooperative teamwork (Duffy, 2009).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I am also a change-oriented leader. I believe this is a very crucial tool which enables me to cope with the changing world. I love exploring and inventing new ways of carrying out my duties in nursing and health care. I am also an ideological leader who likes to achieve via endorsement of some values, ideals and maintaining the focus of the group on significant issues. As a visionary leader, I like developing unique sense of the unknown by focusing on future plans, evaluating the client’s demands and evaluating the trend in the market. As an executive leader, I introduce the nursing and health care organization into the manner things are carried out. I am also a goal oriented leader where I have to set specific and achievable goals based on my competence. As an action-oriented leader I love leading as an example in the institution. Lastly, as a theorist leader I like identifying appropriate models of how the institutions can be admi nistered (Goldsmith,2010).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Martin Luther King on the other hand had set of qualities that marked him as an inspirational leader. He was a persistent leader. One of the famous traits of Martin Luther king, Jr. was his persistent endeavors to lead, inspire and change. He was also a committed leader since no matter how much he achieved, he continued to seek for more. He was also a goal-oriented leader since regardless of many hindrances Luther kept restating the end goal. He was an inspirational leader since he acknowledged that to achieve his objectives; he had to inspire those who had faith in his vision. Dr. Martin Luther King was also a change-oriented leader who constantly pursued new directions. He addressed the issue of civic rights from all directions regardless of violence, attacks or violence. He was also a visionary leader since his objective was beyond sharing his message with the public. Retrieved from http://brandredresume.com/10-leadership-qualities-of-d r-martin-luther-king-jr   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Martin Luther King was an executive leader since he demanded for respect and tolerance to everyone thus becoming the pioneer. He was also a theorist leader since he made efforts was to transform his followers. Martin Luther was an ideological leader who was not afraid to uncover unchartered territories in civil rights. Lastly, he was an action oriented leader who was straight forward in his message. These traits made Martin Luther King a famous inspirational leader whose leadership styles can be emulated by generations. Martin Luther King transformational leadership was very effective since most transformational leaders are charismatic in nature. He had an exceptional approach of making people to work in unity rather than involving in frequent clashes. He listened calmly as other people argued and lastly call off the debate by coming up with the way forward. These traits helped Luther to unite people to work together in unity. I share vari ous traits with Martin Luther King such as visionary, change-oriented, action-oriented, and executive leader. These traits can be very effective if applied in the nursing and health care since it is a field that requires dedication and innovativeness. Retrieved from http://brandredresume.com/10-leadership-qualities-of-dr-martin-luther-king-jr   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In conclusion, there are several leadership styles which a leader should possess in order to be influential in their role. However, it is very crucial to balance between preference and contextual demand. Good leaders must have an objective so that they may lay down appropriate strategies to attain those goals. This also calls for persistence and commitment in attending the duties which will enable leaders to achieve their end goals. Martin Luther King left an irreplaceable mark as his exceptional leadership styles inspires many leaders and can be emulated in different leadership roles in organizations. The nursing and health sector require people with good leadership styles since it is a very demanding organization. In addition, the constant changing world requires organizations to be change-oriented so that they can cope with these changes. References 10 Leadership Qualities of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.. (n.d.). BrandRed Resume. Retrieved June 6, 2014, from http://brandredresume.com/10-leadership-qualities-of-dr-martin-luther-king-jr Code of conduct for nurses. (2012). Wellington: Nursing Council of New Zealand. Duffy, J. R. (2009). Quality caring in nursing: applying theory to clinical practice, education, and leadership. New York: Springer Pub.. Goldsmith, M. (2010). The AMA handbook of leadership. New York: American Management Association. Source document

Organizational Analysis

Organizational Analysis Introduction Business organizations have persistently survived through different means of business operations (Rhodes and Westwood 9). Modern organizations rely on their corporate culture, management practices, and organizational structure to maneuver in the increasingly competitive business markets (Moore 656).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Organizational Analysis-Google Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Organizational culture and organizational structure are two important facets of running modern companies, where certain corporate values and norms remained inculcated and nurtured by individuals in an organization within the corporate structure (Moore 658). Structure is the organizational administration set up, where individuals follow certain hierarchical or leadership trends in practicing their organizational duties. As business practices keep evolving, companies continue to differ in their struc ture and culture. Organizational ethnography is a scientific method of analyzing companies using direct observation and assessment via multiple research methods, including interviews and representations of artifacts (Walby 160). Eberle and Maeder state that, â€Å"organizational ethnography is the description of the culture and the everyday lives of people in organizations share† (68). Therefore, this study provides a virtual organizational ethnography of Google Company. Brief Overview of Google Company Google Company is one of the most famous companies that almost each internet user literally knows (â€Å"Google: Company† par. 3). The history of its development began when two innovators, Larry Page and Sergey Brin, coincidentally met and become friends at Stanford University in the year 1995 (â€Å"Google: Company† par. 1) . The two undergraduate students combined their innovative minds to construct a search engine that they named Backrub, which used the Intern et links to investigate the significance of personal webpage on the Internet (â€Å"Google: Company† par. 1). The name changed to Google as the official name of the company in 1998, when Page and Sergey decided to receive sponsorship from Sun co-founder Andy Bechtolsheim, who provided a check of $100,000 to boost the public expansion of Google.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More By 1998, the company managed to introduce the Google doodle initiative that enabled web visitors to interact with the Google homepage freely, resulting in massive growth of doodles on the Google homepages worldwide. Google Company introduced the AdWords self-service program that intended to create online ad campaigns to act as advertising solutions for businesses (â€Å"Google: Company† par. 4). The AdWords program has transformed and expanded to accommodate display web space, mobile and video ads and the commonly utilized text ads that assist thousands of entrepreneurs to advertise their businesses (â€Å"Google: Company† par. 4). By 2004, Google Company introduced Gmail, which is currently the most preferred internet email-service tool that supports speedy search, holds huge online data storage, and sends threaded messages (â€Å"Google: Company† par. 5). With the growing demand for social networks that connect people regardless of their geographical distance, Google introduced Google+ that is currently trending among the global preferred social media networks. Google is currently the leading internet search engine that operates in almost every modern technological device (â€Å"Google: Company† par. 5). Being a multinational company with an established corporate system, Google Company has a corporate culture and structure. The following are the artifacts that define leadership, structure, and culture of Google. Main Artifact s of Google Company To understand organizational culture, a foremost aspect that one must understand is that corporate culture depends on a communication of artifacts. According to Eberle and Maeder, â€Å"doing ethnography means using multiple methods of data gathering, like observation, interviews, collection of documents, pictures, audio-visual materials, as well as representations of organizational artifact† (54). Organizational artifacts may refer to the physical corporate layout, cultural assumptions, espoused values, shared norms and beliefs of a company that are normally inherent in an established corporate culture (Argyris 5). Artifacts are generally the visible structures that are apparent in an organizational culture.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Organizational Analysis-Google Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Understanding the organizational culture often require a thorough appr aisal of major artifacts associated with a certain organization (Nussbaumer 3). Fundamental to such assumptions, this analysis considers evaluating the main artifacts associated with Google Company for the benefit of understanding the formal and informal dimensions of leadership, structure, and culture of Google, which Tran and Tian consider appropriate for the ethnographic assessment (231). Mission and Mission Statement of Google One of the most significant elements of corporate culture that defines the intentions of an established organization is the corporate mission, which is among the main artifacts of any operating company (Eberle and Maeder 57). A mission and mission statement of an organization normally reflect the intended practices and defines the line of operation of an organization. Mission normally defines the practice of a company or area of specialization (Schein 128). Google has an established corporate culture with distinct service charter that contains an articulat ed mission. The website indicates that, â€Å"Google’s mission is to organize the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful† (â€Å"Google: Company† par. 2). The company seeks to maintain a liberal culture, which promotes sharing of ideas and opinions for the growth of robust innovations. Espoused Beliefs of Google In the organizational culture, espoused beliefs are shared norms, perceptions, philosophies, principles, ideologies and rationalizations that members of a certain organization mutually understand and uphold (Nussbaumer 2). An espoused belief sets organization on a platform where members remain connected to the ambitions of the company and makes members become committed towards achieving the overall goal of the organizations they serve (Olusoji, Oluwakemi, and Uchechi 38).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Espoused beliefs have the ability to influence individual actions at work and make organizations stronger in terms of the social association of workers, as shared convictions guide the attitudes and behaviors (Scott et al. 924). Google has a set of espoused values that act as the major artifacts and a medium of communication among members of Google Company. According to â€Å"Google: Company† (par. 3), Google Inc has vested its foundation on the notion that organizations need to espouse ten important things that Google and its management believe are the foundation for exemplary organizational performance. Google Company believes in customer satisfaction and attention to customer demands, and ensures that its innovation team and employees focus on what deems imperative and significant for the consumers (â€Å"Google: Company† par. 2). Google believes on working tirelessly towards solving problems, cracking complex issues, and providing continuous improvement of its oper ations (â€Å"Google: Company† par. 3). Another significant belief of Google is being fast and reacting towards change is their basic assumption towards success. Google believes that democracy extends beyond dealing with employees, and providing an opportunity to its workforce to contribute to innovation is important (â€Å"Google: Company† par. 5). The company believes that technology and innovation are significant to organizational success in information sharing and communication. Google also serves on the notion that a lucrative business can strive without exercising evil and legitimacy is requisite for any organization (â€Å"Google: Company† par. 7). Google assumes that information and knowledge are diverse and that they are borderless, so innovation and iteration are vital tools of maneuvering in the modern world of business. Underlying Values and Assumptions Google is a company that believes in modernizing its operational techniques. The company has a cul ture with assumptions that are crucial to human resource and the power of organizational cohesion (Annika and Alange 247). A major assumption shared by managers and employees of Google is that organizations become what they are, through the influence of human socialization. The company hires, employs, and retains its workers based on their professional abilities, but not based on their deemed professional experience in their areas of specialization. â€Å"We hire people who are smart and determined, and we favor ability over experience† (â€Å"Google: Company† par. 1). Google Company assumes that innovation and creativity do not associate with people of certain creed, race, religion, or nationality, and believes that cultural diversity makes an organization extra competitive. Google employees have shared values of embracing innovation, promoting racial inclusivity, improving technological communication, putting extra effort in achieving individual and communal objectiv es (â€Å"Google: Company† par. 1). Google also believes that cohesion in an organization is vital for mutual success. The Organizational DNA in Analyzing Google Organizational DNA is another analytical tool that helps analysts to undertake an assessment of an organization. Organizational DNA involves four sets of important building blocks that combine distinct identities and facets necessary for organizational survival (Soulsby and Clark 1430). The DNA organizational building bands include the organizational structure, decision-making actors, motivators to the workforce, and information or knowledge sharing (Tran and Tian 231). Apparently, the four DNA bands are practicable in Google Company. Google has both informal and formal structures, leadership, and culture, with the two dimensions well integrated and mutually supporting its operations without any odds. In the organizational DNA, the structure band comes into play with the formal dimension where Google seems to have a definite hierarchical structure. Another DNA band is right to decision-making, where it associates with formal dimension in Google appears mostly in top down decision-making, since managers and top executives have the highest authority in decision making. Motivators as a DNA band come into play with its informal leadership where Google seems to empower its employees. From a theoretical perspective, there are formal and informal components of the organization that are inherent in organization, but they are very subtle to identify and understand at times (Soulsby and Clark 1430). The formal structures of an operating organization are the permanent feasible laws, principles, practices, and the intra-organizational structures and procedures that facilitate accomplishment of desired goals and objectives (Bertocci 10). Formal organization structure support maintenance of the logical authority of a surviving organization and permits the concept of job specialty and labor division in an org anization. Formal organizational structure has a set of established rules and regulations, the hierarchical order of governance, stipulated principles, a scalar chain of communication, and strict observance. The informal structure of an organization is the cross-functional and interpersonal interaction or association that exists between members of an organization without barriers of hierarchical arrangement of an organization (Scott et al. 924). The informal structure of the organization or the informal dimension represents the autonomy, mobility, and sovereignty of members of an organization and the impact they have on the general decision-making process in the organization. A closer look at Google and its corporate culture, Google is both a formal and an informal organization that is relying on a combination of two leadership techniques in its management practices. What depicts the formalness of Google is the form of leadership that is hierarchical and dictatorial. Authoritatively , Google has several laws and regulations that govern the actions and behaviors of workers in their professional practices (Annika and Alange 247). Hierarchically broken down from executive officers, senior leadership and a list of board of directors, the power of leadership in governing people and resources in Google is eminent. Nonetheless, democracy is also practicable in Google as the organization has embraced informal leadership, structural, and cultural dimensions, which have some employee motivation, empowerment, and recognition, as clearly demonstrated in its leadership (Pescosolido 80). The top management contains democratically elected leaders, with a significant cultural mix. Annika and Alange postulate that such leadership techniques have placed Google among the fortune 500 companies (250). The Formal Dimension of Google Formal dimensions of an organization involve the mechanistic structure that is hierarchical, which consists of top, middle, and lower levels of leadersh ip (Dwyer 1234). Clear ties of chain of command are one of the aspects that demonstrate the formalness of an organization. Hierarchically, Google has a management team that is responsible for ensuring that the company continues to perform and survive in the highly competitive technology industry where the company has invested most (â€Å"Google: Company† par. 1). The founder, Larry Page, is the Chief Executive of the company and is responsible for overseeing the entire operations of Google throughout its continued existence. Larry is responsible for incorporating sensible changes in the organization, product development, and designing technology strategies that are imperative for growth and survival of Google (â€Å"Google: Company† par. 3). The organization has been able to maintain a stable management order with a strong foundation of shared values and order of power that almost each board member of Google understands, with decisions made in a top down manner. From i ts website information, Google is a formal organization with an established chain of command and corporate principles that guide the actions of all stakeholders inclusive of its workforce (â€Å"Google: Company† par. 5). Apart from the general CEO in charge of overseeing the overall operations of the organization, Google has some structural elements that depict the mechanistic structure of administration. To enhance corporate ethics and to control the behaviors of its employees, Google has a code of conduct that all employees must strictly adhere to the stipulated norms of practice (â€Å"Google: Company† par. 3). Directors, officers, and all employees of Google Company must follow the Google code of conduct that contains set principles of practice, which guide professional duties. Google code of conduct states that, â€Å"we expect all of our employees and board members to know and follow the code, failure to do so can result in disciplinary action† (â€Å"Goo gle: Company† par. 4). According to Brose (15), formal organizations consider companies as rational entities, where corporate design is an operational science, while people are economic facets. The first building block of organizational DNA is right towards decision-making processes in organizations (Dwyer 2). The process of decision-making is authoritative, with main decision process depending on agreed issues among the top executives of the organization, which comprise of board of directors and governors. The board of directors is responsible for developing corporate principles, punishing law offenders in the organization, and ensuring that the workers adhere to the philosophies established by the organization (â€Å"Google: Company† par. 6). Google has a set of rules and regulations that demonstrate the formalness of Google Inc. The company expects that all employees and directors respect and adhere to the rules and regulations governing Google organization (â€Å"G oogle: Company† par. 3). The board members are hierarchically responsible for development of laws and corporate governance guidelines that form an important framework for effective management in Google Company (â€Å"Google: Company† par. 4). Such ideologies indicate that Google is an organization with formal leadership, structure, and culture, since employees follow guiding principles, hierarchy, and rules in their operations. The Informal Dimension of Google Informal organization structure involves interlocking social structures that influence the relationship of workers and managers in an organization (Lunenburg 2). From the information found on the webpage of Google, the company has a mixture of mechanic and organic structures, which means that both formal and informal dimensions are practicable in its administrative techniques. Despite having a formal arrangement in its organizational structure with clear ties in the order of command, Google has an informal arrange ment, which are components of organic structure (â€Å"Google: Company† par. 5). Organizations that have an organic structure dwell on the notion that people are emotional creatures, and organizations are cooperative social systems or units that need informal structure with rules, shared norms, and official practices or procedures that govern firm operations (Lunenburg 4). Among the major four organizational DNA bands, motivators at workplace are important aspects of organizations that spur change and development. â€Å"Google: Company† respects the fact that humans are rational beings with feelings and emotions that need maximum recognition and protection (par. 3). Intrinsic motivation comes from the notion that members of an organization are capable of making autonomous decisions and contributing to the organization through applying their creativity in designing innovations (Cameron and Quinn 25). Empowerment is a key component in an informal organization and Google has maintained a close relationship with its employees while also considering the importance of empowering workers (Cameron and Quinn 25). According to â€Å"Google: Company†, the management team believes that investing on empowering employees is important as it motivates the workforce towards achieving individual and corporate goals (par. 8). The aspect of power decentralization is evident in Google Company as the company partially encourages employees to participate in managerial innovation decisions. The company believes that employees come from diverse backgrounds, and therefore, they have different abilities that are capable of fostering creativity and innovation (â€Å"Google: Company† par. 11). Google managers have fostered a culture of empowering employees to participate proactively in ensuring trust and loyalty by having the authority to report misconduct without the fear of prejudice or intimidation. An informal organization that perpetuates cultural, social, and relationship values in the organization normally remain unbiased, unrestricted, and fair, irrespective of the individual’s power (Pescosolido 82). The informal dimension of leadership, structure, and culture is evident in Google through its corporate collaborations and interactions that do not alienate the subordinate staff (Dubois par. 3). Although the responsibilities of decision making at Google remain bestowed mostly to the top executives and board members, who are responsible for policy formulation, a sense of collective decision-making is inherent. Informal organizations promote open communication. Google has fostered open communication between subordinates and top officials, as laws and regulations in Google are supreme (Dubois par. 5). The corporate policies allow employees of Google to report misconduct and violations among officials, without any fear of intimidation (Dubois par. 9). Directors are independent, but regularly advised to observe ethical leadership while managing the workforce and resources of Google Company. Personal Analysis of the Findings From the assessment done, Google seems to be a competent organization that requires professional expertise in handling its workforce that seems well informed. The assessment reveals that Google Company is an organization that utilizes informal and formal administrative techniques in its operations, where both mechanistic and organic forms of arrangement are inherent. Effective managerial skills are significant in an organization with this form of structure (Barley and Kunda 82). To be a competent manager in Google Company to fit within the hierarchy, one would have to possess professional management skills that include exemplary leadership skills, interpersonal communication skills, and innovative skills (Barley and Kunda 82). As a manager working within the formal structure of Google, where decision-making is one of the responsibilities the management team holds, having great innovative skills and decision-making skills would make someone proficient. Such skills would enable a manager to communicate effectively with others within the line of command, enable the manager to actively engage in decision-making processes and manage their area of specialization confidently. Since Google also contains the informal organizational structure, where aspects of organic arrangement are inherent in the organization, having effective skills to deal with aspects of intrinsic motivation among employees is significant (Mackenzie 50). Managers working in companies with an informal organizational structure normally have the responsibility of empowering their subordinates to participate in organizational management (Bertocci 13). In essence, working with Google would involve dealing with the informal component that examines the motivation of employees being the foremost aspect. Effective leadership skills, interpersonal communication skills, team building, coaching skills, sociability, monitoring skills, and conflict resolution skills would be important skills needed to motivate workers. Currently, I personally can fit into Google as an employee because its set of principles, ethical leadership, and operational practices are adaptable and thus they promote individual and corporate growth. The company has a reasonable authoritative form of leadership and democratic leadership. As a recommendation, although most appropriate, Google’s leaderships seem heavily hierarchical and struggle for power among managers may lead to detrimental repercussions. As Prosser (40) recommends, forming autonomous worker-groups within the structures would effectively support innovation, ease decision-making process, and enhance trust among the workforce. Conclusion Organizational leadership, culture, and structure are three significant aspects that depict the operational nature of an organization. Established organizations have different forms of leadership, culture, and structur e. Google is an established company with a hierarchical leadership system, organization culture with shared values, espoused beliefs, and common ideologies. Through a virtual ethnology of Google Company, the study concludes that Google Inc is an organization that operates on formal and informal structures with both formal and informal components of the organization inherent in its leadership, culture, and structure. The formalness of Google is evident from its hierarchical arrangement in the decision-making process, order of corporate governance, its regulations, ethical principles, and the Google code of conduct. From the informal perspective, Google believes that employees are rational beings with emotions and empowering the workforce, makes workers highly efficient. As a recommendation, forming autonomous worker-groups within the structures would effectively support proper innovation, ease decision-making process, and enhance trust among the workforce. Annika Steiber, and Sverke r Alange. A corporate system for continuous innovation: the case of Google Inc. European Journal of Innovation Management 16.2 (2013): 243 -264. Print. Argyris, Chris. Organizational Traps: Leadership, Culture, Organizational Design. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008. Print. Barley, Stephen, and Gideon Kunda. â€Å"Bringing work back in.† Organization Science 12.1 (2001): 76-95. Print. Bertocci, David. Leadership in Organizations: There is a Difference between Leaders and Managers. New York: University Press of America, 2009. Print. Brose, George. â€Å"Introduction: Towards a culture of non-simultaneity?† Time Society, 13.1 (2004): 5-26. Print. Cameron, Kim and Robert Quinn. Diagnosing and Changing Organizational Culture: Based on the Competing Values Framework. London: John Wiley Sons, 2011. Print. Dubois, David. Google, the Network Company: From Theory to Practice. 2013. Web. Dwyer, Rocky. â€Å"Formal organizations in contemporary society: The relevance of historical perspectives. Management Decision 43.9 (2005): 1232-1248. Print. Eberle, Thomas, and Christoph Maeder. Organizational ethnography. London: Sage Publishers Limited, 2011. Print. Google: Company 2014. Web. Lunenburg, Fred. â€Å"Formal Communication Channels: Upward, Downward, Horizontal, and External.† Focus on colleges, universities, and schools 4.1(2010): 1-7. Print. Mackenzie, Donal. Material markets. How economic agents are constructed. Oxford University Press, 2009. Print. Moore, Fiona. â€Å"Holistic ethnography: Studying the impact of multiple national identities on post-acquisition organizations† Journal of International Business Studies 42.1 (2011): 654-67. Print. Nussbaumer, Alison. Organizational Culture and Internationalization: A Brief Literature Review. 2013. Web. Olusoji, George, Owoyemi Oluwakemi, and Onakala Uchechi. â€Å"Theorizing the Concept of Organizational Artifacts: How It Enhances the Development of Corporate Identity.† Inter national Journal of Business Administration 3.4 (2012): 37-43. Print. Pescosolido, Anthony. â€Å"Informal Leaders and the Development of Group Efficacy.† Small Group Research 32.1 (2004): 74-93. Print. Prosser, Stephen. Effective People: Leadership and Organization Development in Healthcare. New York: Radcliffe Publishing, 2010. Print. Rhodes, Carl, and Robert Westwood. Critical representations of work and organization in popular culture. London: Routledge Publishers, 2009. Print. Schein, Edgar. Organizational Culture and Leadership. London: John Wiley Sons, 2010. Print. Scott, Tim, Russell Mannion, Huw Davies, and Martin Marshal. â€Å"The Quantitative Measurement of Organizational Culture in Health Care: A Review of the Available Instruments.† Health Services Research 38.3 (2003):923-945. Print. Soulsby, Anna, and Emily Clark. â€Å"Organization theory and the post-socialist transformation: Contributions to organizational knowledge.† Human Relations 60.10 (2 007):1419–1442. Print. Tran, Quangyen, and Yezhuang Tian. â€Å"Organizational Structure: Influencing Factors and Impact on a Firm.† American Journal of Industrial and Business Management 3.2(2013): 229-236. Print. Walby, Kevin. â€Å"Institutional Ethnography and Surveillance Studies: An Outline for Inquiry.† Surveillance Society 3.3 (2005): 158-172. Print.

Genetic Engineering and Its Dangers essays

Genetic Engineering and Its Dangers essays Genetic engineering, genetic modification, and genetic manipulation are terms that mean the same thing: the reshuffling of genes usually from one species to another; existing examples include: from fish to tomato or from human to pig. Today genetic engineered products are mixed in our foods and on the shelves at supermarkets. Some of these products have no warning or notice of them being genetically modified in any way. Research has discovered dangerous effects of genetically modified foods and many are oblivious to this because of the lack of information on these products. The dangers of genetic engineering, especially in foods, should be made aware to consumers so that they know what is being put into their bodies and the effect it can have on them. To understand the dangerous effects of genetically modified foods a general description of genetic engineering is needed. Genetic Engineering is used to take genes and segments of DNA from one species and put them into another. To do this, techniques are used to cut DNA randomly or at specific sites. Once different segments of DNA are isolated, they can be studied and multiplied and put next to any other DNA of another cell or organism. This makes it possible to transfer information between unrelated species. Each gene will need a flag that the species will recognize so that it will be accepted. The final stage is often perceived as a precise method, but placing the gene into the higher species lacks precision and predictability. The new gene can end up in the wrong place or connected to the wrong gene which can disrupt its function. Even though this process is used to help the function of the new gene, it also causes more interference and enhances the risks of unpredictable effect s. Some critics refer to genetic engineering as a test tube science that has been used prematurely used in being applied to food production. A gene studied in a test tube can only tell what t...

Biography of Journalist C Wright Mills

Biography of Journalist C Wright Mills Charles  Wright Mills (1916-1962), popularly known as C. Wright Mills, was a mid-century sociologist and journalist. He is known and celebrated for his critiques of contemporary power structures, his spirited treatises on how sociologists should study social problems and engage with society, and his critiques of the field of sociology and academic professionalization of sociologists.   Early Life and Education Mills was born on August 28, 1916, in Waco, Texas. Because his father was a salesman, the family  moved a lot and lived in many places throughout Texas while Mills was growing up, and as a result, he lived a relatively isolated life with no intimate or continuous relationships. Mills began his university career at Texas AM University but completed only one year. Later, he attended the University of Texas at Austin, where he completed a bachelors degree in sociology  and a masters degree in philosophy in 1939. By this point, Mills had positioned himself as an important figure in sociology by publishing in the fields two leading journals (American Sociological Review  and  American Journal of Sociology) while still a student. Mills earned a Ph.D. in sociology from the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1942, where his dissertation focused on pragmatism and the sociology of knowledge. Career Mills began his professional career as an Associate Professor of Sociology at the University of Maryland, College Park in 1941, and served there for four years. During this time, he began to practice public sociology by writing journalistic articles for outlets including  The New Republic,  The New Leader, and  Politics. Following his post in Maryland, Mills took a position as a research associate at Columbia Universitys Bureau of Applied Social Research. The following year, he was made  assistant professor  in the universitys sociology department and by 1956, had been promoted to the rank of Professor. During the 1956-57 academic year, Mills had the honor of serving as a Fulbright lecturer at the University of Copenhagen. Contributions and Accomplishments The major focus of Millss work was the subjects of  social inequality, the power of elites and their control of society, the shrinking  middle class, the relationship between individuals and society, and the importance of historical perspective as a key part of sociological thinking. Millss most influential and famous work,  The Sociological Imagination  (1959),  describes how one should approach the world if one wants to see and understand as a sociologist does. He emphasizes the importance of seeing the connections between individuals and everyday life and the greater social forces that constitute and course through society, and the importance of understanding our contemporary lives and social structure in historical context. Mills argued that doing so was an important part of coming to understand that what we often perceive as personal troubles are in fact public issues. In terms of contemporary social theory and critical analysis,  The Power Elite  (1956) was a very important contribution made by Mills. Like other critical theorists of that time, Mills was concerned with the rise of a techno-rationality and intensified bureaucratization following World War II. This book serves as a compelling account of how military, industrial/corporate, and government elites created and how they maintain a closely interlocked power structure that controls society to their benefit at the expense of the majority. Other key works by Mills include From  Max Weber: Essays in Sociology  (1946),  The  New Men of Power  (1948),  White Collar  (1951), Character and Social Structure: The Psychology of Social  (1953),  The Causes of World War Three  (1958), and  Listen, Yankee  (1960). Mills is also credited with introducing the term New Left when he penned an open letter in 1960 to the leftists of the day. Personal Life Mills was married four times to three women and had one child with each. He married Dorothy Helen Freya Smith in 1937. The two divorced in 1940 but remarried in 1941, and had a daughter, Pamela, in 1943. The couple divorced again in 1947, and that same year Mills married Ruth Harper, who also worked at the Bureau of Applied Social Research at Columbia. The two also had a daughter, Kathryn, who was born in 1955. Mills and Harper separated after her birth and divorced in 1959. Mills was married for a fourth time in 1959 to Yaroslava Surmach, an artist. Their son Nikolas was born in 1960. Throughout these years, Mills was reported to have had many extramarital affairs and was known for being combative with his colleagues and peers. Death Mills suffered from a prolonged heart condition in his adult life and survived three heart attacks before finally succumbing to a fourth on March 20, 1962. Legacy Mills is remembered as a deeply important American sociologist whose work is essential to how students are taught about the field and the practice of sociology. In 1964, he was honored by the Society for the Study of Social Problems with the creation of the annual C. Wright Mills Award.

Refurbishment Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Refurbishment Project - Assignment Example slope of the ramp makes it comfortable for the user and this permanent ramp actually connects pavement with the entrance. Terrace Gate: The building is provided with gates for moving out of the building into terrace through a main door which is capable of opening by pushing it. The width of the door is about 85cm. to access the terrace, ramps are provided in front of each door which is permanent. Figure 5: Terrace gate for moving out of the building Reception and reception desk: The reception is provided at the entrance from the main door and is at the same level as that of the entrance. Whereas it can be seen that the reception desk is high and the lightning is kept moderate in this region as shown below: Figure 6: Reception and high reception desk Stairs and Lifts: All floors are accessible by stairs including parking and ground floor. Each section of stairs joining two consecutive floors consists of approximately 15 stairs with a bright light level. The stairs are designed in such a precise manner that each step is equally spaced, whereas handrails are provided along both the sides of the stairs. Figure 7: Stairs for all floors All the floors are also furnished by the lift which is open for public. The dimension of the lift is 0.99m?1.4m and is above 1m from the level of entrance. Toilet Facility: Standard toilets are provided for both males and females but the toilets are located outside the building. Female toilets are located to the right of the terrace entrance and male toilets are located to the left. Baby change facilities are only provided at the level of lecture theaters. Another male toilet is also provided near student’s common room. Restaurant and students common room: Restaurants are provided as a part of student’s common room and... Manager Room and Store Rooms: Room of the hotel manager is designed to be behind the reception and should not be glassed rather opaque. The store rooms for sweepers, and other sort of items like extra furniture etc must be planned to be at the end of the terrace at the place of lecture room 006. Other offices and stores containing sanitry material will also be managed in the same location. Beauty Saloons: Beauty saloon and spa services will be provided to all the customers of the boutique hotel. Facility of beauty saloon will be provided adjacent to the exhibition hall, besides the stairs. Stairs must be cut short to spiral in order to provide more area to saloon. Saloon’s extensive area covers spa and all other sections seperately in order to facilitate the customer. Just above the saloon, on the first floor, rejuvenation center and gym will also be provided. Exhibition Room: Exhibition room will not be altered much. It will just be modified internally to provide a classy look and the rest of the changes depends upon the type of exhibition being carried out. Room Service: All floors other than ground floor are provided with the living rooms for guests. Each living room is different from the other in design, furniture, arrangement, color scheme and lifestyle provided. The facilities available are same in all the rooms. Each room will be provided with a mini bar to facilitate the customer within their room. Also a small sitting and dining area will also be provided to the customer in order to enjoy meal if they order for it in room. A small study section will also be provided. The walls and furniture in the room will be having same color scheme or in proper contrast to give most outstanding look to the visitors.

Research paper on radiation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

On radiation - Research Paper Example Unstable atoms produce the ionizing radiation. Unstable atoms are the atoms with either excess mass or excess energy or both unlike the stable atoms. The unstable nuclei of the atoms provide them with the radioactive properties. These atoms release excess mass or energy in an attempt to gain stability. It is this excess mass or energy that is called as radiation. High voltage devices like the x-ray machines are used to produce radiation. Measurement of radiation is complicated and involves use of different kinds of units. The amount of the emitted radiation is conventionally measured in the curie (Ci). The SI unit for the measurement of radiation is the Becquerel (Bq). â€Å"These units express the number of disintegrations (or breakdowns in the nucleus of an element) per second as the element tries to reach a stable or nonradioactive state. One Bq is equal to one disintegration per second and one Ci is equal to 37 billion Bq† (Crosta). To measure the amount of radiation absorbed by the tissues in the human body, the SI unit gray (Gy) or the conventional unit Roentgen absorbed dose (rad) is used. Radiation finds multiple uses in the field of medicine. Ways in which radiation is employed in the medical imaging include but are not limited to projectional radiography, fluoroscopy, computed tomography, ultrasound, bone densitometry, medical resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Depending upon the way radiation is generated for the clinical purposes, radiation therapies can be classified into grenz-ray therapy, contact therapy, superficial therapy, deep therapy or orthovoltage therapy, supervoltage therapy, and megavoltage therapy (Khan 35-37). â€Å"Medical uses of radiation, particularly diagnostic X rays, result in the largest average annual effective dose from man-made sources† (Turner 12). Ionizing radiation is used in radiotherapy for the treatment of

Is rape a product of sexual desire or the exercise of power Essay

Is rape a product of sexual desire or the exercise of power - Essay Example Other theorists take a different perspective, iterating that rape is actually a product of repressed or overt sexual desire occurring in one with the inability to control their impulsive desires. Some researchers even attempt to place motivation on drug and alcohol consumption; however, there is not enough evidence that alcohol and drug dependency maintains predictive characteristics that will influence decisions to perform rapes. Research evidence on the subject tends to point toward rape as being a blend of exertion of power and dominance whilst also being influenced by cultural dynamics and the rule of law. There is not enough distinct knowledge literature on the subject that can concretely justify that rape is only a construct of desire, as there have been ample research studies conducted using diversified samples that illustrate rape is a multi-faceted activity that represents both inherent motivations for exerting power and satisfying cultural models of acceptable masculinity, with much less emphasis on rape as a product of satisfying intrinsic sexual desires. This paper describes the many intricacies of the act of rape in order to determine whether power or sexual ambition should be considered the primary motivation for sexual aggression against others. ... There are some cultural misconceptions pre-existing in Western societies where men in masculine social circles believe that men have the absolute right to demand sex when providing females with gifts or social recreation (Henslin, 2005). In cultures with very robust disparities between what is considered acceptable masculine behaviour versus feminine behaviour, it is more likely that acts of rape will be defended by male reference groups. Long-standing, acceptable cultural models that illustrate different standards for males versus females serve as the foundation for what motivates some acts of rape against others. Though there are multitudes of legalities established by democratic governance systems to define rape and its consequences for perpetrating sexual violence, the micro-level connotations of social reference groups determine the acceptability of performing sexual aggression. In this case, it is neither the exertion of power against others nor the fulfilment of whimsical sexu al desires; instead, it is the consequences of cultural judgment that serves as motivation to carry out rape. Psychologists and sociologists alike tend to agree that the power of peer assessment and criticism are powerful predictors of future behaviour for many in society (Weiten and Lloyd, 2005). Individuals who gain positive development of self-esteem and self-respect by adhering to reference group opinion would most likely justify performing violent rapes by citing social consensus. In some countries such as Nigeria, in which women are considered to be lesser entities compared to the patriarchical cultural model in place, rape is a common occurrence

Db3 team and leadership Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Db3 team and leadership - Research Paper Example In business, changes are a natural part of its lifecycle. Organizational changes bear anxiety across all levels of the corporate hierarchy even in the best of times. What leaders should be ready to, is the resistance to change that comes from the employees’ fear of the unknown or an expectation of loss.  As a leader, the employer should discuss all possible changes with the employees and reduce such resistance or to lead it to a manageable level. An employer may encourage its employees by demonstrating innovative thinking, it means proving that changes within the organization are for good. This may include series of meetings, discussion sessions about the potential pros and cons of the changes. A good leader will always show one’s respect for other’s perspectives and ideas. Delegating is another way for the leader to prepare its employees for changes. Rather than thinking on the possible problem that may occur during the new period, it is useful to ask employee s how they plan to deal with possible issues. When the organization starts it work, there are no procedures or special rules. With time, they appear, confusing employees, making them scare of the possible changes of their stable and scheduled work, which they had performed for a certain time. However, as practice shows, the proper discussion and the explanation of those necessary changes (whether it is the implementation of the procedure or other organizational changes) lead to mutual understanding between leaders and employees. Why Were So Afraid of Change -- And Why That Holds Businesses  Back, (2013). The Forbes, Available from

Types of Market Research to Undertake Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Types of Market Research to Undertake - Essay Example The macro-environment involves interactions with technological, socio-cultural, political and economic factors that emanate from without the company’s setting. For instance, since the market for ice ball moulds faces competition from other companies, the following types of research are suggested to be carried out (Loudon et al, 2006, p8). Research will be carried out to determine the level of market penetration by the company and the likelihood of reaching the most remote prospective customer. By facilitating research for market penetration by the company and its competitors, the company will be ensuring that the current market share is maintained and stretched if possible. Research recommendations would give such policies as competitive pricing as well as an aggressive sales promotion for the Soccer Ball Football Ice Mold. The company will ensure that the market dominance is secured by meeting customers’ demand and preferences. Increase in customer orders will be targe ted for research to come with solutions some of which could include loyalty scheme introduction. The existing logistics and distribution networks can be assessed to provide alternative distribution techniques to enhance market development. Product development will be analyzed to determine if the name Soccer Ball Football Ice Mold is enough competitive as a brand name. Market diversification is also another channel to unravel market potential strategies. Research recommendations would give such policies as competitive pricing.

Db3 team and leadership Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Db3 team and leadership - Research Paper Example In business, changes are a natural part of its lifecycle. Organizational changes bear anxiety across all levels of the corporate hierarchy even in the best of times. What leaders should be ready to, is the resistance to change that comes from the employees’ fear of the unknown or an expectation of loss.  As a leader, the employer should discuss all possible changes with the employees and reduce such resistance or to lead it to a manageable level. An employer may encourage its employees by demonstrating innovative thinking, it means proving that changes within the organization are for good. This may include series of meetings, discussion sessions about the potential pros and cons of the changes. A good leader will always show one’s respect for other’s perspectives and ideas. Delegating is another way for the leader to prepare its employees for changes. Rather than thinking on the possible problem that may occur during the new period, it is useful to ask employee s how they plan to deal with possible issues. When the organization starts it work, there are no procedures or special rules. With time, they appear, confusing employees, making them scare of the possible changes of their stable and scheduled work, which they had performed for a certain time. However, as practice shows, the proper discussion and the explanation of those necessary changes (whether it is the implementation of the procedure or other organizational changes) lead to mutual understanding between leaders and employees. Why Were So Afraid of Change -- And Why That Holds Businesses  Back, (2013). The Forbes, Available from

Green Efforts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Green Efforts - Essay Example Having a proper understanding related with the environment around us is indeed important as far as a firm’s business operations and processes are concerned. This is because going green could mean cutting down on costs in a very strict way. It is a fact that a firm could look to have a campaign in place which tells everyone that this firm is pretty serious about the environments of which humanity is a part of. The green efforts will surely give a very positive feedback by the people who understand the perspective of this firm. The critics will keep on suggesting the internal mistakes and faults but the firm must be determined and solid in its stance no matter how tough the criticism turns out to be. Even the competitors can hit upon this area more and more. But this usually works to the benefit of such a firm which has actually decided to go green. It can suggest to the publics how the competitors are failing on their expectations of being environmentally clean and thus gain a higher position within their minds and hearts. Going green would make the stakeholders realize the true worth of a firm. They would generally appreciate the idea that led towards going green. They will understand the true spirit behind going green as well. At times, they would even be ready to invest more within the firm’s domains in order to come out as the winners, speaking strictly within the rat race that the firms have involved themselves of going green. However this is not a bad race to join in the first place. It could have serious positive meanings for the firm as well as for the environment. The broad perspective needs to be understood more than anything else (Boons & Strannegard, 2000). If it is benefiting the environment, there is absolutely nothing which could go against such going green efforts by the firm. Thus going green is definitely a positive sign for a firm which has

Ability of Humans to Think Essay Example for Free

Ability of Humans to Think Essay As people rely more and more on technology to solve problems, the ability of humans to think for themselves will surely deteriorate. As people rely more and more on technology to solve problems, the ability of humans to think for themselves will surely deteriorate. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position. In the era of advanced technology, technology has undoubtedly changed the way people live. With the use of calculators, people gradually get rid of mental arithmetic. Due to this fact, some people argue that the ability of humans to think for themselves will undoubtedly decline. This is because when relying excessively on instruments, people may hardly figure out the right number without calculators if the calculation becomes somewhat complicated. Admittedly, it is true that human’s ability of calculation might diminish to some extent. However, technology decidedly facilitates humans to think deeply for themselves through freeing them from trivial things. This is an indisputable fact that with versatile and state-of-the-art computers, especially mainframe, scientists no longer take pains to deal with complex and numerous formulas. Therefore, these talented scientists can spend their time and energy in doing more meaningful things by avoiding being bogged down with trivial computations. For instance, engineers who major in aerodynamics, can use the latest computers to simulate how the attitude of airplane will change with respect to different levels of wind. Thus, due to the assistance of modern instruments, these engineers can focus more on how to design planes to fly more safely and efficiently. See more: Strategic Management Process Essay In contrast to the statement, we can see that people begin involving themselves in some more complex problems that did not occur in the past, which motivates humans to think assiduously for themselves. By utilizing technology, for example, people build large dams to store the water as well as preventing devastating floods. However, this approach also has led to consequences people never thought of. The Three Gorges Dam in China is an excellent instance of this point. After construction of this huge and marvelous dam, some unpremeditated problems emerged, such as undue fluctuations in temperature in local areas and sediments and silt deposited excessively under on the bottom of the Yellow River. As a result, this phenomenon forced experts in China to contemplate whether altering the local topography might negatively influence climate and to what extent. Therefore, humans’ ability to think for themselves has improved rather than deteriorated In addition, technology also inevitably leads humanity to think of moral questions that did not appear in the past. One of the most profound and contentious moral questions is cloning. While cloning will definitely help sick people with deteriorating organs by cloning new ones, this technology is also likely to raise a debate of whether cloning is illicit or not. Will cloning finally crumple up our established morality, or must scientists stop doing research on cloning even if the advantages of cloning far exceed the disadvantages arising from this advanced technology? By answering these controversial questions, we, human race, are unquestionably engaged in thinking for ourselves. All the evidence put forward supports an unshakable conclusion that although some human abilities, such as computation, are slightly worse because of reliance on calculators, the ability of thinking is expected to improve rather than deteriorate. On one hand, people, especially sophisticated scientists, will have more time to focus on significant as well as knotty problems. On the other hand, new questions that pop up appear as a result of technology involve humans in more profound contemplation.

Attributes Of A Global Brand Marketing Essay

Attributes Of A Global Brand Marketing Essay There are several attributes that makes Formula One a globalised brand. Firstly, it is highest class of one-seater auto racing in the world, driving the fastest cars on the planet. F1 holds the most exhilarating car races, young boys aspires to be F1 racers, millions of people buy tickets to the races and subscribe to media that streams every year to watch. According to Levitt (1983), different cultural preferences, national tastes and values, and business institutions are vestiges of the past; some inheritances die slowly; others prosper and develop into mainstream global preferences. F1 became a mainstream favourite sport of the world. The state-of-the-art technology used in the race such as engineering of the cars, time keeping, changing of tyres at the shortest time etc. attracts people of the current generation. Almost everyone everywhere wants what they have heard about, seen, or experienced via new technologies (Levitt, 1983). The unpredictability of F1 allows it to attract viewers constantly. It is a unique experience that cannot be duplicated easily e.g. crashing as different parts of the track, the seriousness of the crashes, different outcomes etc. Organising the race is very costly thus running a team is mostly and sometimes entirely sponsored by various big international brands that wish to gain exposure from F1. And thus, consumers of the brands would be aware F1, for the logo will be displayed on all kinds of products and media like advertisements, news and magazine interview articles etc., and promotions for F1 will include the brands logo as well; hence creating maximum awareness to F1 and the international brands market. F1 is a season consisting of series of races held around the world on purpose-built circuits and public roads. The annual calendar is global, taking 19 races in countries such as Australia, Asia (Malaysia, Singapore and Japan), the Middle East (Bahrain), Europe (the mainstay of F1), and North and South America (Canada and Brazil). It goes through major developed countries and with the gigantic scale of the event, F1 is known throughout the countries and their neighbours. Standardisation VS Adaptation According to Levitt (1983), most executives in multinational corporations are tactlessly accommodating; they wrongly presume that marketing means giving the consumer what he says he wants rather than trying to comprehend exactly what hed like, thus persisting with high-cost, customized multinational products and practices instead of pressing hard and pressing properly for global standardization. They are afraid to standardise for fear that the strategy will fail. But Levitt (1983) says that poor execution is often the cause of failure, not the standardisation. According to Levitt (1983), the worlds needs and desires have been irreversibly homogenized. This makes the multinational corporation outdated and the global corporation absolute. Thus we have successful global brands like F1 which are mostly standardised than adaptive to the countries and cultures they are in, with accurate execution. F1 is known worldwide for its attributes as mentioned above, and thus it does not have a need to adapt when entering a new market in another country as what is expected of them is their signature races. The products and methods of the industrialized world play a single tune for the entire world, and the entire world eagerly dances to it (Levitt, 1983). There are 19 races, half of which are held in other continents apart from its traditional base in Europe. Despite that, the only adaption is probably the nature of the course track built for the race or the public roads structure in the countries. For example, from the classic circuits, now countries such as Singapore, Monaco, Melbourne etc., have street circuits, using a combination of public roads and circuits for the race. F1 Grand Prix event spans over a weekend and throughout the practices sessions it has a specific set of rules and control. This set of regulations is by the F1 and is standardised. According to the case study, merchandizing is through specialist F1 outlets worldwide, selling replica model cars, baseball caps, jackets and other memorabilia, all custom-made and packaged with the F1 logo. These subsidiary products of the brand are also standardised, not adapted to whichever country the products are sold. Product Globalization Strategy Adapted from Jim Riley (2012), global strategy of F1 will involve appreciating that success demands a presence in every part of the world to compete effectively, which is what F1 had been doing; expanding to host the races at other continents. F1 make its product similar for each market by using the same set of regulations and control for the races, same technology and security and other elements in the operations despite being in different countries from Europe. Centralised control where the final say still belongs to F1 Management and F1 Administration. Ecclestone founded the F1 Constructors Association (FOCA) to fight for commercial control with Fà ©dà ©ration Internationale de lAutomobile (FIA). Taking advantage of customer needs and wants across international borders as F1 fans are spread across the globe, instead of only watching from screens, F1 made it live by hosting at major countries where their target markets were. Locating value adding activities where F1 can achieve greatest competitive advantage, thus the expansion to the most developed countries in the world. Integrating and co-ordinating activities across borders, F1 does by having management and administration team to be there at each different location. This part is significant where Ecclestone established the F1 Promotions and Administration (FOPA). According to Levitt (1983), as long as the marketing is good, consumers would be influenced to accept the product no matter what they claimed they want. This is where Ecclestone succeed in influencing people to crave to watch the race. Conclusion The changing patterns and structures of communication typically related to the demands of globalization require flexibility, responsiveness, speed, and efficient knowledge production, generation, and dissemination (Cynthia Stohl, 2004). A global industry is where firms compete in all world markets in order to survive (Jim Riley, 2012). Thus be like F1 where they venture into all the potential markets. A successful global corporation does not abjure customization or differentiation for the requirements of markets that differ in product preferences, spending patterns, shopping preferences, and institutional or legal arrangements (Levitt, 1983). A global strategy is successful when there are very minor differences between countries and competition is global, it has advantages in terms of economies of scale, lower costs, co-ordination of activities and quicker product development (Jim Riley, 2012). Given what is everywhere the purpose of commerce, the global industry will shape the vectors of technology and globalization into its great strategic fecundity; companies that do not adapt to the new global realities will become victims of those that do (Levitt, 1983). Environment Qantas Identify the Marketing Environmental Factors This paper will state how factors in the environment affect each other in Qantas Moment. The global marketing environment consists of 4 main environments. Refer: Appendix A. Organization environment can be controlled by the firm. Structure Company Image and brand equity are a vital parts in marketing as they help raise finance, form joint ventures and alliances seeking marketing intermediaries, get purchase or sales contract, launch new products etc. (Ebstudies, 2012). From the case we can see it takes very long to build a good rapport, but just one incident to tarnish the reputation. Strategy The technological capabilities decide companys ability to innovate and compete. The design and safety of the Trent engines are extremely important as one minor mistake might tarnish the prestigious reputation and injure people as seen from the Qantas moment. Process Rolls-Royce and Airbus aim to manufacture the desired quality and quantity products. Factors which influence the competitiveness of a firm or to sustain the firm are production capacity technology and efficiency of the productive apparatus, distribution logistics etc. (Ebstudies, 2012). Marketing resources like quality of marketing and distribution network have direct link to marketing efficiency. They are crucial for new product introduction and brand extension (Ebstudies, 2012). In intermediate environment, it is semi controllable by organisation. Supplier Purchasing goods and services from reliable external sources to make the engines and maintain engines is important. Thus suppliers can alter firms competitive position and marketing capabilities e.g. raw material suppliers (for engine parts), energy suppliers, labour and capital. According to Michael Porter, the relationship between suppliers and firm epitomizes a power equation between them; this equation is based on the industry condition and degree to which each of them is reliant on the other (Ebstudies, 2012). According to Ebstudies (2012), the bargaining power of supplier gets maximized in the following situations: The seller is a monopoly or oligopoly firm. The buyer is not important customer. The suppliers product is important input to buyers business and finished product. The supplier poses real threat of forward integration. Every producer has to have several intermediaries for promoting, selling and distributing the goods and service to consumers (Ebstudies, 2012). The intermediaries for Rolls-Royce and Airbus are the airlines and the ultimate consumers are the flight passengers. Stakeholders In the case study, the Qantas Moment had affected the stakeholders greatly. Airbus parent company European Aeronautic Defence and Space (EADS) share prices fell 3.5% when it happened. Rolls-Royce, the aircraft engine manufacturer fell 5% in share prices right it happened. Rolls-Royce tried to stop the slide in share prices by convincing the City and investors that the incident is a one-off thing than a design fault. However within 2 days, share prices dropped to 9%, losing  £1 billion in market value. When chief executive of Qantas blame the incident on the engine maker, the situation got worst. Rolls-Royce engineers had to decipher the problem in Singapore and London to find out what is the main problem to address the market positively within a few days. Pictures of the blackened, shattered aircraft engine shared all over the world damaged the consumers confidence on its safety record. Qantas grounded all its A380 aircraft fitted with Trent 900 engine for three weeks, other airlines delayed flights for extensive flights and expensive checks to be carried out. It was found out that it was indeed a design fault; the report into the Trent 900 failure states that oil fire is the most likely cause of the explosion, leading Qantas to seek compensation claims. It was also found that there was a potential manufacturing defect in the oil pipes. Thus Rolls-Royce is liable for financial compensation of at least  £19 million to ground and replace the engines for Qantas and Singapore Airlines. Hence, the incident in November 2010 has not only caused damage to Rolls-Royce in financial terms, as well as its hard-earned reputation and the trust of its clients and the public. Only until February 2011 did Rolls-Royce improve its situation when they won a  £1.4 billion service contract from Emirates to maintain the Trent engines on 70 Airbus aircrafts that the carrier was due to take delivery over the next few years, then a  £700 million service deal for Emirates and a  £3.2 billion engine deal for British Airways. Macro environment factors are external to the company and are uncontrollable. They do not affect marketing directly but indirectly influence marketing decisions of the company. Socio-cultural Marketers are interested in the size and growth rate of population in different cities, regions, and nations; educational levels; age distribution and ethnic mix; households patterns; and regional characteristics and movements (Ebstudies, 2012). Social forces attempt to make marketing socially responsible; means that Rolls-Royce and Airbus should take a lead in eliminating socially harmful products and produce only what is beneficial to the society (Ebstudies, 2012). Economic The economic environment also has an impact on the business of an organization; example would be the share prices of Rolls-Royce. Technology Technological changes have also become particularly significant in the post-millennium world; this is particularly true in terms of modern communication technologies (Business Case Studies LLP, 2013). Thus the share prices dropped almost instantly as information was transmitted very quickly. The technological environment consists of factors related to knowledge applied, and the materials and machines used in the production of goods and services (Ebstudies, 2012). E.g. Rolls-Royce and Airbus produce top-notch engines to support commercial planes. Political and Legal Marketing decisions have to take into account government, pressure groups, law etc. Laws influence production capacity, capability, product design, pricing and promotion. Usually government intervenes in marketing process regardless of what their political ideologies are (Ebstudies, 2012). Legal factors are vital as organisations have to work within legislative frameworks; legislation can hinder business by placing onerous obligations on organisations if not dealt with properly (Learning Marketing, 2013). The physical environment consists of ecological factors beyond the organisations control. Physical forces such as non-renewal natural resources are finite e.g. oil, coal, minerals etc. Especially resources that contributes to the fuel the engines need in order to operate, affects the production greatly. Pricing AirAsia Steps to Implement Pricing Strategy Firstly, pricing is one of the key global strategic decisions as the concept of exchanging money for goods and services received, in the form of exchange of bank notes or credit or other credit facility, is widely accepted in todays world (Lee Carter, 2009). Price element of the marketing mix is one of the more controllable and fast in effect, it is the element that generates revenue (Lee Carter, 2009). According to Lee Carter (2009), for a firm that develops and implement pricing strategy for services internationally, AirAsia should go through a series of steps: Identify and analyse factors affecting pricing e.g. cost and revenue models, customer perceived value, legal requirements etc. which is to apply the no-frills, low-cost strategy, a unique cost and revenue model that has been proven successful from short-haul to long-haul Set pricing in the context of corporate objectives which is mainly low-cost flying Develop and select most appropriate price option of low-cost long-haul and low-cost short-haul flights Implement selected option of low-cost long-haul with AirAsia X Manage and finance international transactions Account for terms of trade Factors to Consider in Pricing According to Lee Carter (2009), based on Terpstra and Sarathy (2000), there are some factors to be considered in pricing products and services globally. They are classified under three main categories; organization-specific, environmental and market-specific. Corporate and marketing objectives of AirAsia can be seen from the CEO, Tony Fernandes saying, Our group thrives on innovation in disruptive market by taking the opportunities to fly where others dare not fly or have given up. Thus AirAsia proposed clear-cut comparatively lower fares, going against the tide believing on brighter side of its future. According to the case, AirAsia also has very positive corporate culture, leadership, and entrepreneurial skills and the right management philosophy. Domestic and targeted countries government influences are not significant in AirAsias case except for the fuel hike however it was eventually offset by its unique pricing model. Consumers expectations; the management believe that most customers do not have loyalty to any particular brand, because their choice is driven by prices, location; AirAsias established network of flights to over 60 cities in 16 countries with 126 domestic and international routes from and within Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia, and connects to China, Taiwan, India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Australia and United Kingdom caters to a larger target markets due to operations in these countries, ability to pay; targeting the regular budget travellers and new customers who switch from premium flights to AirAsia due to the big difference in flight prices, market growth potential; losing some regular travellers but gaining new travellers from premium flights, frequency of purchase; focusing on maximising sales during off-peak periods but setting attractive promotions and discounts. The cost structure of AirAsia is basically to cut down to leaveonly the absolute necessary costs to operate a flight, reducing fixed costs and eliminating most of variable costs. This is done by maintaining a simple aircraft fleet and a route network based on low-cost airports, without complex code-sharing and legacy overheads that weigh down traditional airlines. During economy fluctuations such as inflation and deflation, people always look for cheaper alternatives, especially in recession times. Fluctuations also depend on seasonal changes during summer and school holidays. AirAsia adapts to the market as it the main airline deals with short-haul flights and the new subsidiary is a long-haul carrier, suiting needs of more customer segments. Product range of AirAsia is from the main short-haul flights what they started with to AirAsia X where they focus on long-haul flights. As a low-cost carrier for short distances, they grew to fly further when they came up with AirAsia X, providing options to travellers from more countries to use the airline. AirAsia can be considered a monopoly in Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia due to the large numbers of hubs they have, and the number of domestic and international flights from these hubs, dominating from other low-cost carriers like them. A hike in fuel prices caused several low-cost carriers to cease operations as they cannot cope with the increase and thus boost AirAsias market share and enhances its position as the ultimate leader in the regions low-cost airline sector. Market analysts predicted that the AirAsia group would have the marketing know-how and X-factor to capitalise on such opportunities that arise from its competitors falling out of the game. Marketing factors such as product positioning; positions itself as a top-notch low-cost carrier, segmentation of customers by catering to short haul flights in ASEAN and longer haul flights in Asia and UK, image maintained as a good and affordable airline and differentiation of long and short distances flights. When faced with competition in the market, AirAsia targets cities least ventured to, to gain a competitive advantage. And due to its innovative business model, it is able to tide through the fuel price hike better than their competitors. Cost Reduction Strategies According to Lee Carter (2009), we can identify how AirAsia has used cost reduction strategies to contribute to their profitability and sustain from the continuous potential fuel hike. Refer to Appendix A. Economies of scale can be found by the increased number of domestic and international flights after the establishment of AirAsia X to fly new cities in China, Australia and UK. Economies of size are shown when the case said that AirAsia has nine regional hubs in Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia instead of just one base in 2009. Learning curve can be seen from the shared service agreement where AirAsia and AirAsia X share pilots, cabin crew, service staff, website, IT platform, marketing and distribution to optimise efficiency on operating costs. AirAsia also invested heavily to build its brand and association with globally recognised organizations such as ATT William F1, British MotoGP etc. The significance in introduction of new technologies by AirAsia is the New Skies; a state-of-the-art booking system that contributed to expansion of booking capacity, allowing up to 1 million flights booking a day. The major competitive advantage over other airlines is that passengers can use the Kuala Lumpur hub to connect to a wide range of routes. And relocating by placing more regional hubs in Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia, these are areas with low labour costs to achieve the same advantage over the airlines at the cities too. Appendices Appendix A Appendix B Economies of Scale When additional cost per unit of production reduced overall per unit cost, given similar fixed costs Economies of Size Achieved from larger scale of operation through greater bargaining power Learning Curve Cost reduction from greater labour productivity, improved designs, and resource mix Introduction of New Technologies Improved efficiency gained through new technologies in innovation and processes Relocation of Production Moving production facilities to countries with substantially lower labour costs

The Old Man And The Sea :: essays research papers

The book The Old Man and the Sea was written by Ernest Hemingway. Ernest Hemingway was both a fisherman and a Nobel Prize winner. The story is set in a small fishing village near the Cuban coast. Hemingway ¡Ã‚ ¦s expresses in his tone that he feels sorry for the old man. This is shown because he mentions everything that the old man doesn ¡Ã‚ ¦t have going well for him and also makes the reader realize the pain that the old man goes through. The point of view in The Old Man and the Sea is from that of the old man, Santiago.The Old Man and the Sea is about an old fisherman named Santiago who thinks that his luck has ran out. Before he got old he was a very good fisher and could catch plenty of fish. Now however he hardly ever catches anything. Santiago ¡Ã‚ ¦s young friend Manolin used to fish with him but he had to stop because his parents wanted him to fish with someone who caught something everyday. After weeks of not catching anything, Santiago goes out and catches the largest fish that he has ever seen in his life. He has a hard time getting it up and it takes away all of his strength. He has an even harder time getting it back to the village because it is night and all of the sharks are feeding off of it. He is unable to do anything about the hungry sharks. Upon finally returning to the village, he is so tired that he is not able to worry about this fish and goes directly to his shack and sleeps for an extremely long time. When he is awaken by Manolin, he finds that the fish that he caught was destroyed by the sharks and that all of his efforts were for not. However Manolin encourages Santiago to continue fishing because he still has much to learn about the sea.Santiago is the main character in Hemingway ¡Ã‚ ¦s The Old Man and the Sea. He is an old fisherman who seems to have very bad luck at fishing even though when he was younger he was a very good fisherman. Hemingway describes him by saying,  ¡Ã‚ §Everything about him was old except his eyes and they were cheerful and undefeated. ¡Ã‚ ¨ Even though he is old and poor, he still considers himself to be the top dog. Santiago knows that he is not doing very well but he still had to will and the drive to continue fishing, which is what he enjoys doing.