A Study of Brand Strategy for Supermarket Industry in Hong Kong

In the growing FMCG market of Hong Kong, the concept of brand schema for supermarkets is the most vital variable of interest to retailers. This research makes an in-depth analysis of the dimensional aspects of brand strategy for supermarket industry with additional focus on the reposition image which is the antecedent for store loyalty.The research extends to examining the efforts of the supermarkets in Hong Kong to valuate the military capability of such efforts in build a brand strategy for an good store loyalty towards their stores.The research proposes to achieve the objectives of assessing the metier of the efforts of the supermarkets in building a brand strategy by a review of the forthcoming literature on the outcome of study and also by conducting a social research by employing recognized research methods to present a comprehensive and analytical report on the findings of the research.The study proposes to use soft methods for the collection of secondary data and in formation including a collection of a wide range of resources for a review of the literature on the topic of the study. Quantitative method in the form on an Online Survey of the customers of supermarkets by using a well constructed questionnaire to collect their opinions on the effectiveness of the efforts of the supermarkets in building a brand strategy in the supermarket industry in Hong Kong.The study will consider various attributes that promotes the brand strategy towards the supermarkets in Hong Kong.It will be astounding for the people who visit the Asian Cities like Hong Kong, Singapore and Bangkok for the first time to witness the role, shopping plays in the culture of the local people in this region.Retail therapy can be considered to be a conspicuous national pastime of these regions. With the growing wealth in Asia and with the enhancement in the disposable income of the people in the continent, there are every chances that consumer based firms will emerge as the str ongest sector in the coming periods.Under the Closer Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) there had been a higher influx of tourists from China which has resulted in a growth of 9.7 percentage higher sales in the departmental stores as of September 2006 on a year-on-year comparison.According to a survey conducted by ACNielsen the market research firm, on 22000 global consumers, Malaysia, Hong Kong, and Indonesia were included in the top 10 markets in the consumer confidence. (ACNielsen ball-shaped Consumer Confidence Report, Jan 2006)With the increased consumer activities in the retail sales it becomes important for the supermarkets to assess the shopping habits of the consumers and adjust their marketing strategies to maximize the sales growth and revenue. This is specially necessary in a large consumer market like Hong Kong.The effectiveness of the actions from the supermarkets on improving the stores loyalty, though depends largely on the consumer buying habits there are seve ral other factors that determine the store loyalty like, law of proximity of location of the stores, brand awareness, quality of the products, pricing and promotional offers and other consumer habits.Being a highly sensitive issue getting the store loyalty of the consumers is a tough task for the supermarkets as switching to alternative stores by the customers be nothing to them and is also less cumbersome. This poses a great challenge to the supermarkets. In this context this research makes a detailed study into the effectiveness of the efforts of the supermarkets in building a brand strategy for establishing store loyalty among the consumers.

Long Ridge Gliding Club Case Study

coarse extend gliding friendship Long Ridge Gliding Club is a non profit organization which is run by its members. Currently the orderliness has around 150 members who range for novice to the experts. The inns too offers trial flights to the member of the public and then try to convince them to give up membership. The members wee to assist each early(a) to start out airborne. They withal have to help the staff with attending to the perfunctory flyers.Throughout the whole social class the essential tasks such as the maintaining the gliders, getting them out of the hangars, towing them to the launch points, staffing the winches, property the riotous log, bringing back the gliders and providing look out cover is interpreted on a voluntary basis by the federation members. At times when the weather is not good the members may not get a flight at all. Due to the bad weather the members do not get enough flying time. The company chairman is and so under pressure to stop trial flights though they provide the unite with revenue to finance its operations.Q1) Evaluate the service to the club members and occasional flyers by completing a tabular array? Ans The services that Long Ridge Gliding Club offers to the club members and mundane flyers argon mentioned in the table below Club Members casual Flyers Products Membership Trial Flight Customers muckleiness Location General public Experience Product range Long duration Short duration varies Reliability Design Changes None graphic symbol of service Deli truly Drinks, food, accommodation and flying facilities Only flying facilities prime(a) Skill Safety Volume per service type 150 700 loot Margins High Low Q2) Chart the five performance objectives to show the differing look forations of club members and casual flyers and compargon these with the actual service delivered. Ans Cost The appeal incurred is always an important aspect for any organization. It is same in carapace of Long Ridge Gliding Club also. The members need the services at a price which covers the operating cost of the business and the casual flyers indirect request a lifetime experience at a cheap price. From what heap see in the incident Long Ridge Gliding Club is offering the services at cheap and reasonable prices.Dependabilityz Dependability is another(prenominal) important factor. The casual flyers have lot of faith on the club as they receive a dependable service. On the other hand the members dont get a flight on some days and unspoiled have to help the casual flyers. Flexibility Flexibility is also very important. Everyone should be flexible enough to adjust to situations. Members wants the gliders readily available for them so that they can fly anytime of the day as per their wish and on the other hand the casual flyers want to fly after paying the charges of flying and enjoy the experience.So the members get to use the facilities of the club anytime they want to, while the casual flye rs are one time users. However the club failed to satisfy their club members. Product role Quality of a product is something which is looked very nearly by the customers. But here in this case product quality is related to the safety of the gliders. The club provides well maintained gliders and winch machine for both the casual flyers and the members. Speed Speed in which the services are offered is also important.The casual flyers would obviously be excited of the experience and expect that they would be attended immediately while the members know they might have to wait for their chance to fly for long. But for the actual service the casual flyers have to wait for the members to be free to help them, while the members want to fly the gliders according to their wish. But the company here in this case has failed because most of the time they are busy in helping casual flyers to fly. 3.What advice would you give to the chairman? Ans Allow less number of Casual Flyers because the m embers are getting affected and they have to help them and also not get the time to fly, make permanent club members happy because the club generates maximum revenue from them when compared to casual flyers. Casual flyers must pay more and must pay club members who are helping casual flyers because they are doing a lot of job and they need to get paid because they must make the members lose interest in the club.And also they can lose weight the level of dissatisfaction. 1. Try to allow less number of Casual Flyers in the club. This would make the permanent club members happy. They have to keep in discernment that the maximum share of the revenue is generated by the club members compared to Casual Flyers. 2. gain the charges for casual flyers and pay the club members who are helping casual flyers to fly. This would help the club can reduce the level of dissatisfaction they are having due to absence seizure of dedicated Gliders for them.

African Renaissance

doorway l. African spiritual rebirth A Resurrection The theory of an African reincarnation has captured the interests of a number of intellectuals, reporters and politicians. In S awayh Africa, where the concept has come to be c resort identified with the governmental perceptions of source President Taboo Imbibe, it has been received as a proposal for African political re stark nakedal and economic novelty (July, 2001 87). The concept can thus be viewed as a renascence a resurrection-since it has inspired policies to address the socio-economic fallouts of apartheid.The thought, Mallow (20011) contends, is a dominant trait in the outlook f the African National Congress (NC)- take government, and has been embraced as a key component of its ideological outlook, especially as this pertains to multinational matters (Mallow, 20011). The view is a significant theme in the organizations indemnity quest, and an pocket African rebirth Fund, Mallow (20012) confirms, was vested as par t of this course. According to the Strategic political program published by the Department of Foreign Affairs in 2004, the principles that bear southward Africans foreign form _or_ system of government include, commitments to the promotion of Human Rights and necromancy to legal expert and International Law in the conduct of relations between nations to multinational peace and intentionally agreed-upon mechanisms for resolving conflict to promoting the interests of Africa in world personal matters and to economic development through regional and international cooperation in an interdependent and globalizes world (Nathan, 2005366). II.Post-1994 NC-led government policies/actors In general, policy is expressed as a broad interpretation for desired state of affairs entailing specific decisions from time to time in a rational sequence (Nikkei, train deer Wald and Junker 200187). The origin reasons that the term can be routined in several ways, and involves deed as well as in action (Nikkei, forefront deer Wald and Junker 200187). An exceptionally good policy is a device that makes organization easier (University of Sydney, 2012), and permits the public to henchman with the governments core principles much decorously.Nikkei, van deer Wald and Junker (200187) distinguish between terce extensive classes of policy, namely interior(prenominal), foreign and defense policies. Nevertheless, the African rebirth has been nameed by several intellectuals, like Assiduously (2008 110) as a foreign-policy tragedy (Assiduously, 2008 110). The concept is a sulfur African emerging foreign policy doctrine encompass a set of foreign policy goals and domestic styles, and politics entrench in a set of political, cordial and economic relation (B reduce and van Amerce 2005 179).The Department of Foreign Affairs (2008), notes that randomness Africans policy initiatives should be modest and not overly ambitious. A reactive policy is inappropriate. The awkward policie s-both domestic and international level- in essence map out to ensure peace, democracy, respect for human rights and sustained development (Department Of Foreign Affairs, 2008). A range of principal policy actors exercise varying degrees of influence to create the outcomes of these processes (Raptor, 2004 3).Among these actors are formal state institutions much(prenominal) as the ruling party, resistor parties, the legislature, portfolio committees and individual members of provincial legislatures. There are alike external, non-state policy actors and institutions such as organized interest groups, the media, independent consultants, non-governmental organizations and ordinary citizens (Raptor, 20044). Examples include the moderne social movement, Anti- Appropriation Forum (APE) the Institute for Democracy in southeastern Africa (IDEAS) amongst the many.These organizations, posits Ranchos (20075) rent emerged as actually strong and vociferous organizations who bid to square off and impact the state and its operations (Ranchos 20077) Integrating Post-Apartheid conspiracy Africa into the African miserliness The report further comments that the NC-led political framework and methods of formal engagement make for new opportunities and challenges (Ranchos 200713). Bassoon (1991 5) declares that post-apartheid South Africa must be able to release more resources for reinvestment in the economy to revivalist it and for dealing with social problems (Bassoon, 1991 5).This challenge calls for re-modeling vivacious organizations to admit a new South Africa. Cooperation has been an essential tool in modify the newly -emerged economy, and in force(p) in gradually and steadily leading to the integrating of the economy with the harmonistic of currencies, financial systems, and infrastructure (Bassoon 1991 9) The political process has deviated from a governing of confrontation to a regime of negotiation, asserts Bassoon (199112).In addressing the problems under lying the artless political, social and economic spectrum, policy response required a unified association in eradicating and transforming the then white-rule racist and unpopular Constitution, and implementing an effective re displayative political governing structure (African National Congress, 2011) African Renaissance in historic Perspective B spare and van Amerce (2005 162) consider that the African Renaissance perception has a rigid inheritance that traces back in the History of the African continent.They describe events like the rebellion of slaves in the new world order n the late eighteenth century as interpreted by Manage (2001), and other comparable events, were the early basic breeding grounds for pan-Africans, a term that is largely supposed as an influential antecedent of, and source of inspiration for African Renaissance. (Lundeberg Hellhole 1999 Bsheer and van Amerce 2005 162) Bsheer and van Amerce (2005 166) remarks that even though the pan-Africans objective sh runk quickly after being introduced, Julius Anywheres image of a coupled States of Africa integrated by boundaries and unify by a common nomenclature of prosperity, perished and has been kept awake by many represents of Africans development (Bsheer and van Amerce (2005 167) What started centuries ago in the form of African uprisings is reflected in the present day struggle of the African continent to overcome hardships such as unstable political systems predatory elites a high international debt burden and inauspicious international trade regimes (Bsheer and van Amerce (2005 171). The present-day use of the African Renaissance approach was pronounced foremost by actor South African President, Taboo Imbibe, and is broadly understood as a resurrection of the African continent, as it stimulated Africans to seek African lotions for African problems Bsheer and van Amerce (2005 172). It focuses on concerns like regional cooperation, the emancipation of disadvantaged groups, sustaina ble economic development and the deepening and alimentation of democracy (Bsheer and van Amerce (2005 173). My African Experience, My African Renaissance What does the African Renaissance notion in its current state encompass?Components of the concept, Vale and raft (1998 272) suggest, are intentionally kept unclear, so as to create topographic point for embroiling people for championing the AR concept (Vale and volume 1998 272), because it is utilized by a broad spectrum of actors, from politicians and policy-makers, to businessmen and scholars (Vale and peck 1998 273) it is almost impossible for the term to lose its gist. Vale and Masses (1998 273) observe that the romanceary language of the African Renaissance was understood by five suggested areas of engagement the encouragement of cultural stand in the emancipation of African woman from patriarchy the manipulation of youth the broadening, deepening and sustenance of democracy and the initiation of sustainable economic d evelopment (Vale and Masses 1998 273 Bsheer and van Amerce 2005 179).Apart from unveiling the core themes of the theory, it is necessary to research the scope of the concept in the contrasting views explored by Vale and Masses (1998 278) in order to understand whether or not the development of the African Renaissance is really necessary for South Africa- both on domestic and foreign policy levels. The authors differentiate between two explicit views of South Africa in Africa the globalize interpretation- which was cast in the modernist tradition, and embraces a modernist approach of globalization, with fair emphasis on appropriation, liberations and the sort. The second approach- Africans approach- adopts the African Renaissance to unlock a series of complex social constructions collective around African status.The former suggests a continental effort by South Africans to attain sustained economic growth and wealth aggregation, the latter calls for a more post-structural interpre tation of global affairs (Vale and Masses 1998 278) The essence of South Africans African policy- motivated by Embers perception of Renaissance targets escalating South Africans strategic arrangements on the continent, which apart from establishing good provenance , also include introducing new economic policies that would ensure access to good education, adequate health care, decent houses, clean water and modern sanitation (Taylor and Williams, 2001 269) disdain much criticism on the concept for having a driven good deal simply being nothing more than a wish list, the African Renaissance perspective is significant and necessary for South Africans, because it is an efficient tool for the nations ambitions towards a peaceful, equal and democratic state from the appalling former white-rule government characterized by oppression and injustice. The theory has been relevant in re-building South Africans social, political and economic set-up, and has played a significant role in re-s haping South Africans role and recognition in international affairs.For example the country capacity and success in hosting the 2010 FIFE World Cup Just a few years ago, and the possibility of being the first African country to hold permanent seat in the United Nations Security Council (Taylor and Williams, 2001 269). It is the very same polices shaped by the AR theory behind the make headway and political and socio-economic adjustments, noted by Mislabel (2011) to use up purposed with abolishing all forms of corruption and apartheid incompetence. The post-1994 NC led government adopted progressive policies that sought to ensure the economic betterment of previously deprived social-classes and races. These policies comprise of Transformation, BEE, employment equity, affirmative action, preferential procural (Mislabel, 2001).They are a monument of a shining success of democracy- as they clear indeed promoted economic growth and human rights in the democratic South Africa. This, of course, is not to overlook the negative reality concerning dishonest practices that have gathered around policies like BEE. I Am an African Contradictions and Inconsistencies The African spiritual rebirth is an inclusive concept, developed for on principles of equality and democracy for a united African society, and seeks to promote the dreams and ambitions of the African citizen irrespective of race, gender, ethnicity or religion. In African Renaissance language, and on the Cosmopolitan and African image communicate in Embers l am an African speech- who is an African?It is critical to explicitly spell-out what is meant by African, to examine the extent of African contribution in IR (Smith, 2008) l know that none dare challenge me when I say- I am an African Taboo Imbibe. Africa is a diverse continent and South Africa is experiencing an African Renaissance built on its diverse and fascinating cultural heritage (South African Tourism, 2011). Consequently, these peoples worldvie ws and insights will be equally diverse (Ackermann). In a similar vein, only if African insights are significantly different from the actual R, will they make a worthwhile nutrition to the field (Karen, 2008). An African to me is anybody and everybody who resembles the wealthy and colorful mosaic spectrum that embraces the fabric of the African society.He needs to pride himself in the African culture and history- and reflect the spirit of reconciliation and mutual respect that penetrates the African society, and aid to re-enforce the country pride in its multi-ethnic roots (South African Tourism, 2011). Color doesnt begin to own the rich concept- African. Simply put an African is an African. Undeniably, politics still runs across race nines in South Africa, but the common vision for a stable and democratic Africa, embodied in the African Renaissance policy can erase those lines, and assist in moving forward as a trailside state built on policies that are inclusive and rooted in ach ieving equal opportunity for all. The policies that ascend from the African Renaissance objectives, I. E.BEE- refuted to favor only the black population- were formulated to settle on the problems of the past which deprived certain groups of people (Mislabel 2001), and should be understood in not-so extremist meaner exclusionary), because they were employed to make right -to correct the country past apartheid fallouts. We have different but not contrasting cultures, and all seek a common goal political, social and economic success. The AR policy was designed upon similar vision and objectives, and no doubt can contribute towards the attainment of the everyday ordinary South African. Conclusion To succeed, South Africans African Renaissance will draw together widely divergent ideas on what it is to be African in the eve of the 21st century (Vale and Masses 1998 280).This paper has cut Embers sentiment of an African Renaissance as n African resurrection South Africans policy for Al l Africans, All South Africans. It is up to every South African to realism the common platform of interests, and pursue a overlap effort to ensure the profit of the African Renaissance policy, and translate its vision in a Just and equal democratic society without excluding the African-which is anyone and everybody. Cooperation is fundamental. racial quarrels and conflicts are a good recipe for failure. Holding anger, I have come to realism, is no different to holding a sneeze- sooner than ulterior youre bound to get hurt.

Assessment in Schools Essay

1. Reasons for measure asidement Diagnosis service of change boy give cargon people to gear up a ancestorline and understand their progress, specialisation and heighten sees. Recognition and penury recording and recognise apprentices progress and deed. Standard throttleting confirming levels and thresholds of achievement Differentiation and woof enabling employers and high culture providers to understand what offspring people nominate achieved, and how individuals comp be with their peers. 2. Purpose of judicial conclusion. Selection Standards T separatelyers feedback pauperization Assess readiness for rising study.Preparation for life- life is manage this Evaluate computer programme effectiveness culture to otherwises Statement of broadcast Attainment Record of progress- oer while 3. Baseline and benchmarking Purpose of baseline end Characteristics of a baseline scheme Chapter 4. Target Setting 6. estimation for breeding. Assessment for learni ng is just ab kayoed(predicate) supporting classroom learning and teaching.It connects mind and learning/teaching. What is mind for learning? Assessment for learning. is part of effective planning focuses on how scholars learn is recognised as central to classroom go foris a recognize pro skill is sensitive and constructive fosters motivation promotes understanding of goals and helps learners know how to am contain develop the capacity for sound judgment recognizes all program lineal achievements expose divergence 1. Involvement, contendion and feedback Sharing criteria Discussion Feedback Involvement 2. Planning and examine con track evidence arrangement personal learning plans Planning for individuals 3. compact Partnership with p arnts and pupils 7.Assessment as learning Assessment as learning is about learning how to learn. It connects learning/teaching and computer programme.What is Assessment as learning? Key issues 1. Pupils as learners Reflection Reporti ng Self/peer sagacity Motivation 2. Teachers as learners Developing judging policy Interpreting evidence coaction 3. Management of learning Management supports Manageability 8. Assessment of Learning Assessment of learning is about gathering and see the evidence.It connects curriculum and opinion. Gathering and interpreting evidence Teacher assessment is first and foremost about helping pupils to learn. Fundamental principles Developing Assessment InstrumentsApplication of assessment instrument Assessment as an end-of-key- micturate do Management and monitoring of assessment, recording and reporting Recording and evidence Planning Reporting to pargonnts and guardians Assessment as an ongoing process.Transferring sign and providing feedback to pupils Using assessment nurture to monitor progress towards meeting targets natural/External Assessment Grading Systems Chapter One(1) 1. Reasons for Assessment Diagnosis helping young people to establish a baseline and understand the ir progress, strength and develop studys.It is a more detailed type of evaluating the learner to descry out their ability, skills, level of motion, fellowship, understanding, intelligence quotient and so on Diagnosis helps the instructor to be able-bodied to find out the atomic number 18as of weakness of the learners and their aras of strength. It is from these that the instructor ordain together with the student plan on a attainable course of action to taken in lay out to function the students to meet the educational they may authorise over. The teacher may select the students who need further examination by the medical specialist to confirm if they are faced with a learning difficulty that the teacher may non be able to diagnose.All this is d star in the interest of the student i. e. to assist him/her overcome the areas of weakness and try to assure up with the rest of the students. The assessment tasks should be varied in strength to be able to find out th e different abilities of the students. Recognition and motivation recording and rewarding learners progress and achievement. Assessment is also carried with an aim of rewarding student gibe to their murder. In close to enlightens badges are designed and do to be worn by the top achievers in position champaign area and in the overall mathematical process at each enjoin or story.The prestige that goes with walking around the shallow wearing such(prenominal) a badge motivates students to compete for the badges and find whizself recognise by their peers as good performers in a particular area of study tell apart science, mathematics, languages or even in humanityities and applied subjects. If one manages to profit ii three or more badges they are held in purity by their fellow students and inclined a lot of recognition two inside the drill and out. This recognition serves as a motivating performer for the learners to run away hard to achieve in their studies and other field equivalent in sports.Similarly, such recognition encourages students to maintain their high receiveds always for idolatry of ruining the image they may bedevil taked for themselves hence it helps in geological formation their character. Unfortunately, some of those low achievers may want to be recognized in a different way hence may resort to outcast behaviour. Standard type tackting confirming levels and thresholds of achievement. Assessment helps the teacher to set types of movement in his/her class at particular dots or levels of learning. so the students depart be do aware of the expectation by their teachers with come across to act hence they give strive to meet the set standard. Unless the standard of performance is set m either people tend to relax and very petty(a) motility lead be made to achieve the goals and objectives. The setting of standards exit help to drive away laziness from among the students and the teachers. If the learners and te achers know they sop up a standard of performance they need to measure to, it entrust definitely create a sense responsibility in them. It is important to have standard of performance set and made clear both to the learners and the teacher.Differentiation and selection enabling employers and higher education providers to understand what young people have achieved, and how individuals compare with their peers. Assessment differentiates learners at all levels whether it is the prime solve for the assessment or non. Somehow, at that place those who will emerge at the top of the consentient group. It is this differentiation that will intend the determination of students into the next level of their education. salubrious-nigh selection is by dint of with(p) based of the assessment that has already been carried out at the previous level of study.At the end their course most of the students are usually awarded with certificates of merit. It is based on these certificates that their prospective employers base their consideration of selecting possible employees and inviting them for interviews. Generally, the higher the qualification one has, the more skill or tasks he has gone through to achieve what he has achieved. Consequently, the more the knowledge one is deemed to have acquired and hence more competent on the tune market. gum olibanum the rating of the individuals against the performance of their peers which implies how they are likely to fair at the air market.Chapter two(2) 2. Purpose of Assessment. Assessment is carried for various reasons some of which are discussed below. Selection Institutions base their selections and admission of students on national examinations done by the students at end of level examination. Usually assessment outcomes are apply to rank students in terms of performance and ability regardless of the different conditions under which they took their examinations. The fundaments hold free to choose those they feel qualify to meet their requirements for enrolment into specific courses. and so a list of prerequisites is drawn to aid the selectors choose those who fall within the already set limits. Standards The standards of an assessment are determined by the educational scheme of a democracy and the stakeholder of the education system. The standards set in the country will determine allocations from the budgetary kit at national level. For instance, to mend and maintain a high level of performance in the education sector the teacher-student ratio should be small, resource made should be operational to the students in particular science oriented subjects.The standards are set at the national level, then at the train level and finally at the classroom level. The standards of performance will reflect the student ability to progress on with their academics to a higher level. Teachers feedback Teachers use assessment to get feedback from students to enable them in the planning for further in struction to the students. The feedback help the teachers to know whether the set objectives of learning are macrocosm met or not.This means that every teacher has to claim out assessment at one clock or another(prenominal) in the course of instructing the students for learning. They will be able to know if they are making progress, and if not what could be the possible reasons for their failure to meet the set objectives. These may mean that their means of instruction be adjusted to fit out the learner educational need within the class. Motivation Feedback from assessment john be apply as a motivator to the students and the teacher in particular when the gives indicate that positive learning is being achieved.The teacher feels that his effort have not been wasted after all while the students will feel that their efforts have been rewarded by being able to measure to the standards of the teachers or examiners. As a result both groups will set out for their work and duty with a lot of enthusiasm hence positive assessment outcome are a motivation. The parents will on the same hand feels that their funds are being utilized by their sons and/or daughters and will be motivated to make more investment. Assess readiness for future learning.Assessment helps educational planners to determine the ability of students to progress in higher education or take more specialized courses such as bank citeinging, engineering, medicine, teaching among others. The level of performance at a particular stage will display the learner ability, skills, level of performance and interests. The outcomes of an assessment will therefrom form a basis for planning courses, selection and admittance point into some designated courses. Most institutions admit students basing on their performance in the terminal examinations sat at end of the previous stage or level.Similarly, selection into the courses that students wish to pursue is usually based on the performance of the examinati on at the on national level. Preparation for life- life is like this Assessment puke be used to find out the skills, knowledge and understanding the students are graduating with. This will evolve them to face life as people with ability to transform their surround so as to be able fit in the wider society. The learners are made aware of the skills they are carrying with them into the society to face life as it really is.Evaluate curriculum effectiveness When a new curriculum is designed, the aim of curriculum planners is to be able to meet the needs of the society and those of the individual learners. Thus the social occasion of assessment in this context is to pass judgment the effectiveness of the curriculum being implemented to the learners and to the larger society at large. The outcomes of learning are reflected in how students handle assessment tasks presented to them by the curriculum planners and the examiners.Where the curriculum has failed to meet the set objectives, a djustments be made to it so that the predetermined objectives are met or attained. Information to others Assessment is used to obtain information to be link upd to others provoke in education. The ministry of education, for instance, needs to make educational decisions regarding curriculum, performance of teachers, progress of educational goals both at national and international level, allocation of funds from the treasury, performance of graduates from the education system in relation to the needs at crease market among others.The educationists need to take statistics of those who graduate from the systems e. g. basing on the gender, region etc. Statement of curriculum Attainment Assessment helps assessors to get a contestation of current attainment as compared to performance in the previous classs. The affix outcomes tolerate be used to find out areas that continually been demo poor performance from students e. g. science and mathematics. This showment can be used to dr aft designs for future plan of improvement in the course of stimulate performance of areas showing weakness or needs.Record of progress- over time Assessment is carried out for various reasons which ever time have been state differently by different authors of various textbooks. It is important to note that the choice of the method of assessment should be made on the basis of psyche about fitness for purpose. Before making a decision on what to assess, how to assess and who is best fit to carry out the assessment, it is demand to be clear why assess and achievement expected.The purposes of assessment can be grouped by Balancing native and external purposes in that respect are purposes of assessment that are useful within school setting. For example, feedback to students and teachers, students grouping, curriculum improvement and individual target setting. Similarly, there are other purposes that are useful to stakeholders outside the school setting e. g. certification and off ice. This helps to evaluate the sense of equilibrium of assessment activities carried out within the school.In the recent past a lot of external pressure has been mounted on schools in increase measures with regard to accountability through the commonation of performance tables etc. The result has been emphasis on assessment information collection for monitoring, evaluation, marketing and accountability purposes. This may cause internal purpose to be underrated or treat as secondary to external purposes. The schools should thus be watchful of this because their aims for education of their students are dissimilarly to be well served if they only pay regard to external demands.Another way of viewing assessment purposes is to cluster them according to whether they have a emergence/learning functions or a public/accountability function. (To some extend, this clustering aligns to internal/external distinction because internal tend to have developmental whereas external tend to foc us on accountability. ) TGATs formulation of assessment purposes After the Government announced, in 1987, its role to introduce a National Curriculum, it first set up a Task Group on Assessment and Testing (TGAT) to advice on an associated assessment framework.TGATs remit was to propose a system for serving formative, diagnostic, additive purpose. The TGAT report distinguished these purpose in the next way moldable So that the positive achievements of a student may be recognized and discussed and the appropriate next move planned Diagnostic through which learning difficulties maybe scrutinized and classified so that appropriate remedial help and counselor-at-law can be provided summative for the recording of the overall achievement of a student in a systematic way Evaluative by themeans of the aspect of the work of a school, an LEA or other discrete part of the education service can be assessed and/or reported upon. This established two new terms- formative and summative- i n the lexicon of assessment purpose. The formative/summative distinction was first used by Micheal Scrivenin 1967 in an American preceptal Research Association monograph on The Methodology of Evaluation, which was to begin with concerned with the evaluation of educational programmes. It proved to be a facilitatory distinction and it was increasely used in a variety of contexts.TGAT used the distinction in the context of assessment of students learning. In the context, the formative purpose is served if evidence and judgments about students present learning are used to adjudicate what teachers and learners need to do so that further progress in learning may be made. 3. Baseline and Benchmarking Purpose of baseline scheme The line of work with taking widening alone as indicators of schools effectiveness, even when more than one measure is considered, is that pars made on this basis rarely compare like-with-like.However, this has been the practice for a long time in most the educ ation system. This is the familiar argument against the publication of league tables of raw results that take no account of the different contexts and intakes of schools. Whilst the actual grade a student achieves will be of vital importance to him or her, aggregated results which take no account of stage setting factors may be crude and fair measure of the congress effectiveness of the school as a whole. This is the argument for value-added measures.It is important, therefore, to collect information about input as well as output so that the two sets of information can be considered together in any judgement of school effectiveness. The intake characteristics usually considered are Prior attainment as calculated in earlier tests and examinations Ability as measured on standardized tests ? Prior attitudes to school ? Gender ? Ethnicity ? English as an additional language ? Special educational needs ? Socio-economic status and aspects of residence background such as single parent families.It is kn protest that some schools achieve great things in disadvantaged circumstances but, since they start from a lower base, the socio-economic status of their intake should be taken into account when metre their effectiveness or setting targets. It is interesting therefore that in its proposal for target setting and benchmarking, the presidential term has indicated that benchmarks for individual secondary schools will be constructed on the basis of entropy on free school meals. If output measures are analyzed in relation to input, we would still expect to find some variability in results.In other words, some schools will perform relatively better or relatively worse than others with identical intakes. In order to find out what makes the difference one has to open the black black box between input and output to investigate school processes. These process variables are likely to provide some of the answers. Since carrying out this research on a national scale will no t be practicable, schools have to take the initiative to find out for themselves data in order to explain their own results and to identify areas of improvement. This is mean to form a basis for further guidance to schools.Thus the responsibility of identifying the process variables that are likely to be most relevant, lies on the shoulders of the schools. Two kinds of processes need to be considered ? Classroom processes ? School management processes. Characteristics of a baseline scheme In order to set appropriate targets, government, through QCA, now publishes benchmarking information. This is intended to enable schools to evaluate their own standard of performance by step it against standards achieved by other schools with broadly similar characteristics.Benchmark data do not set targets but, by showing what the best schools with similar intake characteristic achieve, benchmarks are expected to set challenges for less successful schools. Although there are strong arguments for grouping schools according to a variety of background factors such as those used in multi-level modeling, which takes account of student-level, school-level and ward-level factors, the government has opted for benchmarking system based on existing national data sets such as the school census (Form 7).Although schools will be placed in a group for the purpose of drawing up the benchmarks, they will not be told which group they belong to. Thus, when they receive the benchmark information from QCA they have to settle down themselves which group best represents their characteristics. 4. Target Setting Section 19 of the 1997 Education Act makes a Provision for legislation to require targets to be set and published by the governing bodies of maintained schools. Setting targets to raise standards What kit and boodle A five stage cycle for school improvement in target setting has been put to use.These involve 1. How well are we doing? This requires the school to analyze student performan ce and audit its teaching and management. It also calls for the outline of data about students outcomes. To achieve this objective, the school will need to relate outcomes to intake variables of a tending(p) student to give value-added measures. However, in order to explain the patterns in performance and identify areas for action, it is necessary to collect data about processes, such as teaching and management.The statistical psychoanalysis will then be supplemented by observational data to provide evidence in relation to input, output and process indicators (perhaps in the lines of the OFSTED Framework of Inspection). 2. How well should we be doing? This requires the school to compare its own results of similar schools n order to identify strengths and diagnose weaknesses as a basis for establishing prior(prenominal)ities for improvement. The benchmarking information to be supplied by the DFEE and LEAs is intended to help with this task. 3. What more should we aim to achieve t his twelvemonth?This requires the school to set clear, specific and measurable targets which focus in particular on raising standards of attainment in national tests and examinations. 4. What must we do to make it happen? This requires the school to integrate improvement targets into the school development plan through focused action planning. 5. How successful have we been? This requires the school to take action to implement the action plan and to monitor and evaluate the impact of the action against the success criteria.TARGET SETTING REQUIREMENTSThe initial proposals from government indicate that regulations are likely to require schools to set targets in the following terms a) a single target to be set for each of the three are subjects at the end of each key stage b) these targets should be measured by National curriculum tests in English, mathematics and Science at age fourteen and GCSE examination results or analogous at age sixteen c) at the end of key stage 3, targets to be evince, subject by subject, in terms of the proportions of students reaching direct 5 and aboved) At key Stage 4, targets to be expressed in terms of the proportion of students achieving a grade C or better in GCSE English, Mathematics and Science (either single or look-alike award, or in an individual science subject). e) An additional indicator, at key Stage 4, is likely to be the proportion of students attaining a number of A*- C and A* G grades in GCSE.The proposal also suggested that schools and LEAs should withstand or targets covering three year completion in which critical review of results of the previous autumn term and setting targets for the following academic year by January are carried out. PROCEDURES FOR SETTING TARGETS The governments 1997 White root word Excellence in Schools made it clear that setting school targets was the responsibility of each schools governing body, working with senior management team.The White Paper tests sets out how the government , LEAs and schools are expected to work together. Chapter 3 paragraph 13 of the paper provides that 1. The government sets national targets and publishes national performance and benchmark data. 2. apiece LEA provides benchmarking data and guidance to all its schools to help them set targets.3. separately school sets draft targets, taking account of the comparative data and their own previous best performance, for discussion with its LEA. 4. Schools and LEAs agree targets, covering a three-year period and subject to annual review. 5. Where, exceptionally, an LEA cannot reach agreement with a school on its targets, the LEA may invoke the early warning system. 6.The individual school targets are included within each LEAs Education Development Plan. 7. The DFEE and OFSTED monitor and contribute to the process to ensure targets are high and ambitious enough. Strategies Directly Involving Students and Classroom Process 1. Introducing new citation and certificate systems to reward achi evement and increase motivation and self-esteem 2. Introducing academic mentoring for borderline C/D GCSE candidates 3. Reducing the number of GCSE subjects taken per student to encourage quality instead of quantity in performance 4. Introducing opposite reading or literacy tutoring schemes (older with younger students) to improve reading and writing skills 5.Adopting a Pacific Rim approach by assuming that all can succeed if they are prepared to make great efforts 6. Instituting a central rule that students should not interfere with the learning of others 7. Giving special anxiety to the least motivated groups (of boys especially) by introducing a ten-hour weekly homework slenderize in division II 8. Introducing one-to-one review on a regular basis 9. Providing a two-day residential, run by teachers and employers, for potential Year II under-achievers with the aim of improving motivation through a serial of challenges 10. Providing students with templates to help them structu re their written work 11.Providing an enrichment programme of generic skills, especially study skills, group work and exam technique. 12. Target setting for effort and attainment with individual students followed up with one-to-one review with allocated tutors. School need to realize, however, that this does not preclude them from setting other goals and targets as well. This will be important if they regard education as having wider functions, such as promoting human flourishing and participatory citizenship. Internal review through data analysis Progress indicators. Using indicators to monitor performance and set target in primary schools Using indicators to monitor performance Involving parents.The role of the national targets CHAPTER 5 5. a. Types of Assessment Assessment is one of the most potent forces influencing what teacher should digest on in their teaching and what students should concentrate in their learning. Assessment sends a message to students about what is importa nt to learn. It is with this in mind that this section seeks to discuss the various types of assessments. In an effort to classify assessment therefore, the following are some of the types of assessment. i) Formative Formative assessment is taken to refer to the process of identifying what students have, or have not, achieved in order to plan the next steps in teaching.It will usually involve the diagnosis of learning difficulties, although this is not synonymous with the kind of standardized, psychometric, diagnostic assessments, within formative assessment, the term diagnosis usually possess a more colloquial and less technological meaning. Formative assessment is also distinguished from other forms of assessments in that it is, by definition, carried out by teachers. This is important if it is to inform the decisions teachers make in the classroom. The aspiration is that assessment should become fully integrated with teaching and learning and therefore part of the educational p rocess rather than a bolt-on activity.It is important to note that in formative assessment feedback is a key element with two main audiences the student and the teacher. Feedback to the student, mediated by the teacher, is particularly important because no learning can take place without the active involvement of the student.ii) Summative Summative assessment refers to the examinations that are taken by the learners at the end-of-unit or end-of-term and their purpose is to fulfill the public expectation of the schools and form of accountability to parents who have a right to know what progress their children are making. However, this poses a risk of exposure in that they assume such importance that it undermines the formative assessments that have been made on a regular basis throughout the period.Just like the large-minded of grades on ordinary class work can affect self-esteem in such a way as to wile students to the substantive advice given in comments, so also can the giving of grades and marks in end-of-unit tests have similar effects. The public usually places treat of emphasis on the assessment as they seem to project what the learners have gained in the course of their studies and skills they possess and are able top demonstrate.Thus entry into higher learning institutions and specifically into particular courses is pegged on the results of summative assessments. iii) Informal Informal assessment is an assessment in which the teacher uncomplete follows a specified timetable drawn by the administration for purpose of assessment nor predetermined questions directed to the learner. It is some kind of impromptu.The teacher in the course of performing his duty may reach a concept that requires prior knowledge of particular concepts on the part of the learner therefore he may decide to carry out an informal assessment to determine what the learners know. Similarly, a new teacher who wants to understand the ability and level of performance of learners ma y decide to carryout an informal assessment. There is no general standard set for performance or attainment i. e. the administrator determines the standard as deem fit for his purpose of assessment.Thus an informal assessment is at the discretion of the person administering it. iv) Formal Formal assessment refers to the mode of assessment that follows a specified timeframe and format. Usually most of the learning activities are suspend to allow teachers time to administer the assessment to the learners.Formal assessment therefore has a set standard, to which all assessment items must adhere to. Generally, there is time set aside for which both students and the teachers know well in advance that assessment is going to be carried out. The teachers will this case prepare assessment items inline with the set standards of the particular institution in question or adapt on that has already been set by an assessment agency. The students on their part will concentrate on preparing for the a ssessment tasks that they are going to encounter. In most institutions this time if known as examination time. The environment is controlled so as to allow students an ample time when tackling the assessment items.For example, in most schools during this time silence is observed at all costs, students are spaced so as to allow for individual work unlike during the normal learning days when corporate work can be tolerated, teachers police the students to check on cheating by cheeky students. v) dogging Continuous assessments are assessments that are carried out by the teacher in progressive way. The test items are drawn from what has been done in the recent past by the learner which means their strength and complexity increases with the increasing complexity in the content being taught. The teacher designs a test to suit particular content that the learners have learned at a particular level.Generally it focuses on a given concept and they are more narrow and intense in their approa ch. Once a learner has passed the assessment at a given level they are given chance to progress to the next level of learning. vi) Terminal As the get word suggests these are tests that administered at the end of a given course, they act as a point of end into the next level or the job market. They are designed in such a way as to include a cross-section of what the learners have attained by the time they are stepping out of the education programme they have been undertaking. They are in most cases designed by an independent body external to the institution of learning in which they are going to be administered.Similarly, their marking is alter and carried by few selected people. Grading and ranking is the done from an external point, statistics are drawn to show attainment of schools and individual student in comparison to other schools and students from other places. They are usually standardized tests and the awarding of grades is done an already established scale by the admini stering body. vii) Coursework While going through the curriculum every teacher would want to ascertain that the course objectives are being met every now and then. Thus where possible assignments are given to students at the end of the lesson, marked and feed back given to the students to assist in the process of learning. Cour

Total Quality Management in Toyota

Introduction Toyota is one of the spheres largest gondola manufacturers, selling over9 million rides in 2006 on tout ensemble five continents. A Top 10 Fortune Global five hundred enterprise, Toyota ranks among the worlds conduct b on the whole-shaped corporations and is proud to be the nearly admired auto fastenr, an carry on throughment the ships c bother believes stems from its dedication to node satisfaction. Toyota has been de considerationine by a frame of regard ass and principles that call for their roots in the comp some(prenominal)s formative years in Japan.The Toyota story begins in the deeply 19th hundred, when Sakichi Toyoda invented Japans premiere power loom, which was to revolutionise the rural aras textile exertion. In January 1918, Sakichi free-ba translated the Toyoda Spinning & Weaving Comp any, and with the patron of his son, Kiichiro Toyoda, he fulfilled his lifelong dream of building an egotism-locking loom in 1924. Two years later, he established Toyoda Automatic Loom Works. cargon his father, Kiichiro was an innovator, and during his visits to Europe and the U. S. in the 1920s, he became deeply interested in the dissilient automotive perseverance.Making the most of the ? 100,000 that Sakichi Toyoda received for selling the patent yet outs of his automatic loom, Kiichiro laid the foundations of Toyota Motor Corporation (TMC), which was established in 1937. From looms to cars, the Toyota experience has been shaped by extending the boundaries of manufacturing. History When Toyota became the first Japanese car manufacturer to chance into motor sports in 1957, Shotaro Kamiya, so president of the Toyota Motor Sales Company, back up his police squad with his belief that, There depart be no come up if you fear bereavement. The Toyota flavour For half a century this courageous spirit has guided these pioneers and their successors. Aw atomic number 18 of the immense task ahead, Toyota go close toed mot or sports with a classification of patience and ambition. Over the decades, the conjunctions kaizen method of nonstop receipts proved a winning scheme. Toyota blushtu wholey accumulating hard-won experience, professional respect and a long string of victories at tracks all around the world. The purpose of this cipher is to how Toyota synopsis of soundness of primitive tonicity focussing in the gondola industry.The creator is persona of a intersection point or a do plays a mark role in the current condescension environment. full Quality perplexity is a philosophy that guides every activity inwardly a business. It is concerned with underdeveloped and sustaining a culture of unvarying progress, which foc exercisings guests expectation at a humbled personify. Providing the surmount w ar or expediency at the minimum value is the main altercate faced by the current private-enterprise(a) business environment.Toyota nodes be price tenuous exclusively at th e same time they expect value for money, large companies have been subject to gain the economies of scale therefore, they have been able to behave low price convergences to the securities industry. But the tint of that carrefour merchantman non unendingly be impressive as they primarily focus on the low cost. Traditionally the cost of tint is considered as an additional cost yet at present cost of tincture has taken a major(ip) role of a product costing.As the competition and business extract in modem giving medications are intensifying, they direct not exactly to show up their market share by improving the shade or products and goods, but overly improve the performance of their employees. In the early 1980s, the fancy of total forest anxiety was widely applied to manufacturing industries. The application of agree Quality caution has recently shown its signifi corporationce in work industries for improving the tint of service and customers satisfactio n, which has precedeed in increased competitive favour.In the UK, service automobile industry represents a dynamic and important sector, which occupies a major part of the economy. quick development of forward-looking takes of service capabilities would be the best solution to deliver spicy value- added service to satisfy the customers need in the UK automobile industry. The awareness of the important of quality in the survival and competitive advantage has recently passed to spread in UK automobile industry (black 1999).Since the assembleive implementation of natural Quality charge hinges on the development of a business object and providing value added customers foc apply dish outes, it is interesting to show the linchpin drivers, which go out make application of TQM prospered in service companies much(prenominal) as hotels, banks and hospital etc. Research Objectives Out store of Toyotas TQM organization compend of the posture of TQM in Toyota Critically evalua te how Toyota has benefit by adopting TQM principle An compendium of the current occupations encountered by Toyota principle of TQM The main agent to choose this coronateic as my dissertation is my personal experience.Toyota is my main instrument of transportation. Toyota companies own a well-sophisticated technology charge very expensive tickets fares, soon enough inefficient automobile industries had given me the interest to study rough it for a long time. Train delays are the main riddle that commuters face. The monopoly of train in operation(p) companies has make this situation worse. I al directions believed that Toyota could give a conk out service at a low rate than now. Also I am personally interested in TRANSPORT economics, which has given me an added reason to do research IN Toyota.Total Quality Management is all about the managing the quality at work on whatever we do and besides it table services to reduce and service cost. So that I decide to do a research on application of Total Quality direction in Toyota. Literature review Quality is the key to competitive advantage in todays business environment. As much brass sections for Total Quality Management (TQM), the choices open to those wanting to set up a quality system are becoming increasing varied. Good business, which in turn general prosperity and employment, is not something, which comes about by chance.It is result of the skills with which business in general is managed and business in general is only the sum of the activities of the business units. Through all the years that I have been in business I have never yet found our business bad as a result of any foreign force. It has always been due to some defect in our own fraternity, and whenever we hardened and repaired the defect our business become good again regardless of what anybody else may be doing. HENRY FORD According to the above remark through by Henry Ford, it implies that the success or failure of a company dep ends on the strength and weaknesses of that company.Once they stub rectify their slip ups and then they preserve gain their success back. So by doing everything correctly, with zero defects the failure of a business is minimal. Total Quality Management can be practices in every department, in every activity in a company. It should be practices from senior management to the least level of the employee. Then any business can frustrate success in the competitive business environment. The excogitation of Total Quality Management was developed by an American, W. Edward Deming, aft(prenominal) World War II for improving the production quality of goods and service.The concept was not taken seriously by American until the Japanese, who adopting it in 1950 to parent their post war business and industry, used it to dominate world markets by 1980. By then most U. S. manufacturing had finally accepted that the nineteenth century assembly line factory ideal was outdated for the modern global economic markets (Mehrotra, 2005). Total Quality is a description of the culture, attitude and brass of a company that aims to provide, and continue to provide, its customers with products and service that satisfy their needs.The culture requires quality in all aspect of the companys operations, with things cosmos through with(p) right first time, and defects and neutralize eradicated from operations. What is Total Quality Management? The dickens key elements in this research are Total Quality Management and bodied strategy. The main aim is to conduct an inductive grounded possible action study into the strategic impact of Total Quality Management and is to place corporate strategy and TQM in context. The seeks to inductively develop an determineing of the relationship between TQM and strategy, as opposed to testing existing theory.A brief strategic quality management literature review is given, followed by a description of the grounded theory research methodology inv olving 19 grounded case studies. The grounded results are discussed in the context, in which they were do, this allowing the grounded picture to emerge according to the (Eisenhardt, 1989, 1991). Even though Total Quality Management is all about the managing the quality at work on whatever we do, it has got a vast theoretical area as quality should be everywhere in an physical composition. Total Quality Management applies from top to pervade of an brass section, from strategic decisions to final output.Total Quality Management can be studied from three different admissiones. They are contribution from quality leaders, formal evaluation models and empirical research. Deming (1986) underlined the use of statistical techniques for quality control, and proposed has 14 principles to improve quality in presidency, based on the following ideas. Leadership, an improvement philosophy, the right production from the beginning, fostering for managers and employees, internal communication a imed at the excreta of obstacles for cooperation and the suppression of quantitative tar urinate.Juran (1993) pointed out the importance of both technical and managerial aspects, and indentified the three radical function of the quality management care for. They are planning, giving medication and control, as the stages for quality improvement. He indicated that the aim of the management is to reduce the cost of slides, r severallying a point where the total costs of quality are minimal according to (Juran and Gryna, 1993). Ishikawa (1985) empha size of itd the importance of training, the usage of cause load diagrams for problem solving, and quality circles as a way to achieve continuous improvement.Crosby (1979) defined 14 steps for quality improvement, including top and intermediate management commitment, quality measuring rod, evaluation of quality costs, corrective action, and training, a zero defect philosophy, objective setting and employee recognition. Lastly, Feigenb aum (1991) described the notion of total quality, based in general on leadership and an understanding of the aspects of quality improvement, a commitment to hold quality in the firms practices, and the participation of the entire workforce, the objective being the reduction of total costs. roughly of the above mentioned theories have discussed in details in this chapter. Juran (1993) settled that Total Quality Management is the set of management processes and system that create happy customers through empowered employees, leading to higher revenue and lowest cost. According to that definition TQM is a combine of all functions and process in spite of appearance an organisation in order to achieve continuous improvement of the quality of goods and service for the customer satisfaction.To accomplish this is need to involve every one and all activities of a continuous way of life for the purpose of managing the quality of the all activities. Total Quality Management is an interact ion of number of ideas. In order to attain the quality of an organisation, in terms of all the functions, it is a start to finish process that contains interrelated function at all levels. It is a systems onslaught that considers every progress to between the various elements of the organisation.As a result of this interaction the boilersuit performance of the organisation give be higher than total of the item-by-item output from the subsystems. Those subsystems such as include organisational functions in the products life unit of ammunition such as design, planning, production, distribution and field service. It also needs to integrate management subsystems such as strategy with customers focus, the legal documents of quality and employee involvement that the linking process integrates whole. As a result of all those activities any product or service can be improved.This particular structure leads the organisation in to continuous improvement and finally customer satisfacti on (PHS management training 2005). continual improvement of all operations and activities is at the heart of TQM. This is because customer satisfaction can only be achieved by providing a high quality products, continuous improvement of the quality of the product is seen as the only way to maintain a high level of customer satisfaction. As well as recognising the link between product quality and customer satisfaction, TQM also recognises that product quality is the result of process quality.As a result, there is a focus on continuous improvement of the companies processes. This leave behind lead to an improvement in process quality. In turn this go forth lead to an improvement in product quality, and to increase in customer satisfaction. Improvement cycles are encouraged for all activities from design and development of products, through routine support and administrative service, to customer relationship management. To achieve continuous improvement Toyota gas to broadsheet and analyze its own performance and that of former(a) companies.Top management commitment and involvement is mandatory in creating and maturation clear quality values and goals consistent with the objective of Toyota, and in creating and developing well defined systems, methods and performance measure for achieving those goals. Such systems and methods guide all quality activities and encourage participation by all employees. The development and use of performance indicators is linked, directly or indirectly, to customer requirements and satisfaction, and employee remuneration elimination of waste is a major component of the quality improvement approach.There is also a strong emphasis on keep backion rather than detection, hence an emphasis on quality at the design stage. The customer driven process helps to prevent errors and get closer to defect free production. When problems do occur within the product development process, the aim is to identify and realise them rather than hid e them they are generally discovered and re bringd in advance they can get to the next internal customer Benchmarking What is that organisation do that gets results so much better than ours?The answer to this question opens the door to bench marking, an approach that is accelerating among U. S. firm that have adopted the total quality management (TQM) philosophy. The affectionateness of benchmarking is the continuous process of comparing a companys strategy, products and processes with those of the world leaders and best in class organisations in order to get hold of how the achieve excellence and then setting out match and even surpass it. For many organisations, benchmarking has become a key component of their TQM programs (Joel E. Ross) guinea pig and world(prenominal) quality awards place considering emphasis on the need to make inter firm paritys on a spectrum of performance related criteria. This is called benchmarking. This comparison may be within the industrial sector or against best practice irrespective of the industry concerned. Such comparisons can be made in almost any measures which are not just industry specific. For instance, financial performance measurement such as return on capital employee, debtor and creditor ration, credit period or training levels, plan availability and efficiency. Joel E. Ross) concludes the real meaning of benchmarking is the continuous process of comparing a companys strategy, products and processes with those of the worlds leader and best in class organisation in order to learn how they achieved excellence and then setting out to match and even surpass it. Nowadays benchmarking is a key component of TQM programs. There is currently some debate about which TQM practices set in most to superior performance outcomes.Several proponents argue that softer TQM practices such as leadership, human resource management, and customer focus have more(prenominal) impact than benchmarking, process analysis or performance me asurement. The evidence for which TQM factors extend most too improved performance is not yet conclusive, and sometimes contradictory. Using data from a longitudinal study of 67 TQM firms we contribute to this debate. Our central hypothesis is that measurement of key TQM practices and performance outcomes in infixed for TQM success.We examine the measurement practise of this cohort of firms, and report on the miscellaneas in their measurement behaviour over time. Specifically, we analyse heptad dimensions of measurement relating to customer satisfaction, employee satisfaction, and process performance, impact of TQM on costs, and gross revenue, self assessment, and benchmarking. We calculate a measurement intensity score for each firm, based on how many of these seven parameters were being measured, and we show that increased measurement intensity is strongly associated with perceived TQM success.Finally, using multivariate discriminate analysis, we identify eight variables that explain the level of TQM success with a classification accuracy of almost 90 %. We conclude that to attain the highest levels of TQM success, firm need to engage in the measurement practices of self assessment and benchmarking, but our data suggest that an appropriate measurement cloth needs to be in place beforehand ( Taylor 2006) One of the biggest mistake people make when beginning their benchmarking endeavour is that they only look to benchmark someone within their own industry.Although this doesnt hurt, but obviously industries already fare enough about their industry to issue what works and what doesnt. Some people think they must benchmark their competitor. But if the competitor is worse than your company, it can be a big waste of time and energy. And it leave alone not give the favourable result for the company. Instead of benchmarking a company that is well known for being a good model give give a favourable result to the company.Benchmarking result help to fall upon out, who performs the business process very well and gas process practices that are adaptable to your own organisation if you need to conduct a oecumenical benchmark study or if you can obtain 80 90 % of what you need from just using the telephone, email or any early(a) electronic survey to communicate your needs with other member on the benchmarking exchange (Hing, 2001). The drive of customer satisfaction The benefit of having customers who are pleasant is well known. The issues in building customer satisfaction are to sustain cheery customers, know when you have them, and keep.The obvious way to determine what makes customers satisfied is simply to ask them. (Joel E. Ross) Total quality management has a customer first orientation. The customer, not internal activities and constraints, comes first. Customer satisfaction is seen as the companys highest priority. The company believes it will only be successful if customers are satisfied. The TQM company is sensitive to custom er requirements and responds rapidly to them. In the TQM context, being sensitive to customer requirements goes beyond defect and error reduction, and alone specification or reducing customer complaints (Black, 1999).The concept of requirement is grow to take in not only product and service attributes that forgather basic requirements, but also those that enhance and differentiate them for competitive advantage. separately part of the company is involved in Total Quality, operating as a customer to some function and as a provider to others. The engineering department is a supplier to downstream functions such as manufacturing and field service, and has to treat these internal customers with the same sensitivity and responsiveness as it would external customers.This also helps to motivate employees activities as the conflicts are minimal as they treat each other as customers. TQM Components TQM has four basic components 1. Put customers first 2. Make free burning Improvement 3. Aim for zero defects 4. dressing and development Put Customers First A quality product or service satisfies customers needs and expectations. Whether a product or service is of high or low quality, will be decided by how it made the consumer feel and whether consumer expectations were satisfied or exceeded. butt against quality.If customers are not put first, then customer expectations will be difficult to satisfy and consequently quality will not be achieved. Customers can be put first through a admixture of initiatives including Undertaking market research to discover consumer needs so that the organisation can develop products and services that exceed their consumers needs. Looking subsequently all customers whether internal or external. Internal customers are employees of the organisation and are known as customers when they approach each other for a service. outside(a) customers are all non-employees (of the organisation) that approach the organisation in connection with a service or product. Effective customer care systems. Ensuring that all service standards are met. Listening to customer views and opinions. Responding to customer views including resolving customer complaints in a manner that satisfies their expectations. Once customer complaints are re put to workd they should be analysed to prevent future recurrence. Make Continuous Improvement The Japanese term kaizen has contributed to this component.Kaizen believes that there are no limits to continuous improvement. This instrument that a TQM organisation will continuously strive to improve their product/service and increase the quality standards. A TQM organisation will also view change positively whether the change involves a process change or a change in customer needs and expectations. This is because changes will enable the organisation to develop and explore quality. Aim for Zero Defects There are a number of reasons behind the aim to eradicate defects. Defects are expensive because they will lower the customers confidence in the product.Also it is more expensive to rectify defects than it is to prevent them occurring in the first place. Zero defects can be achieved through a combination of quality assurance and quality control. Training and Development An organisation will need to train their employees to visit that they understand the principles of TQM. A TQM organisation employee will need to understand how TQM is to be achieved or maintained and how they as an employee will ensure that the organisation emulates TQM. Unless each employee accepts and believes in TQM it will be difficult for the organisation to practice TQM. case Quality is important to business organisations and their consumers. This is because quality products or services can and will secure consumers business. However do not check quality with expensive, as price will not determine quality. Whether a product or service is of high or low quality, will be decided by how it made the consume r feel and whether consumer expectations were satisfied or exceeded. Adding Value Some writers such as Tom Peters (in his book thrive on Chaos) believe that quality rather than price dictates crave for a product.Peters argues that customers will be prepared to pay for high quality. This means that value is added to a product by ensuring that products/services have the quality consumers require. Quality Control This is defined as the process of identifying which products/services do not construe the organisations standards. Once identified the products/services below standard will then be adapted (so that they meet the standards expected) or discontinued Quality Assurance The purpose of this is to ensure that products/services are not below standard when manufactured or used by the consumer.The aim of quality assurance is to make sure that all the goods produced or services offered have zero defects. Quality assurance should accomplish costs as products below standard can not be sold. It should also protect the organisations reputation. Whilst quality control is about identification of low quality products, quality assurance is about prevention. In other words the aim of quality assurance is to ensure that products are not below standard. Quality Circles A quality circle is made up of a group of people at various levels within the organisation.These people will have meetings where they will discuss and attempt to solve problems within the organisation. Each of these problems will be real problems faced by the organisation and will require solutions that can be put into practice. Training To ensure that an organisation can offer the quality expected by their consumers, they will strive to continuously improve their product or service. This is because a constantly evolving market place will change consumer demands, needs and expectations with it. Continuous improvement will only take place if staff possesses the right skills and knowledge.Skills and knowledge are normally acquired by the staff through the organisations ongoing training and development programs. Fishbone Analysis A fishbone analysis is also known as a cause and action analysis. The concept was thought up by Kaoru Ishikawa. The analysis suggests that in order to solve a problem an organization is going through, the firm should try to bring out the causes. Only when the causes are discovered and understood can you prevent the problem from occurring again. The best way to view the cause and effect was to turn over it out like a fish skeleton with the problem at the head of the fish and the bones, the causes.Causes of problems could be anything from Manpower Machinery Materials the firm uses Methods of making the product Or it could be down to one or some of the elements of the in business (see below). If you look at this diagram the problem for the company is declining sales, the causes of declining sales when traced back can be from inefficient processes, to lack of training for staff. To embrace the problem of declining sales the causes need to be addressed. The benefit of a fishbone analysis is it enables the problem to be traced back to the root causes, with the aim of trying to come upon long term solutions.A cause and effect analysis is usually completed in groups, where the fishbone is drawn out and group member cortical potential possibilities of the problem. Total Quality Management is the set of management processes and systems that create delighted customers through empowered employees, leading to higher revenue and lower cost. Total Quality Management is the integration of all functions and processes within an organisation in order to achieve continuous improvement of the quality of goods and services. The goal is customers satisfaction.Of all the management issues faced in the last decade, no(prenominal) has had the impact of or caused as much concern as in America products and services. A report The concept of Total Quality Management Total Quality Management is based of ideas. It means thinking about quality in terms of all functions of the enterprise and is a start to finish process that integrates interrelated functions at all levels. It is a systems approach that considers every interaction between the various elements of the organisation.This would means that, the overall effectiveness of the system is higher than the sum of the individual outputs from the subsystems. The subsystems include all the organisational functions in the life cycle of product, such as 1. Design 2. Planning 3. fruit 4. Distribution 5. Field service The management subsystem also require integration, including 1. outline with a customers focus 2. The tools of quality 3. Employee involvement A corollary is that any product, process, or service can be improved, and a successful organisation is one that consciously seeks and exploits opportunities for improvement at all levels.The consignment bearing structure is customers s atisfaction. The conference board has summarized the key issues and terminology relates to Total Quality Management The cost of quality as the measure of non quality not meeting customer requirements and a measure of how the quality process is progressing A cultural change that appreciate the aboriginal need to meet customer requirements, implements a management philosophy that acknowledges this emphasis, encourages employee involvement, and embraces the ethic of continuous improvement. Enabling mechanisms of change, including training and education, communication, recognition, management behaviour, teamwork, and customer satisfaction programs. Implementing Total Quality Management by defining the mission, identifying the output, indentifying the customers, negotiating customer requirements, developing a suppliers specification that details customer objective, and determining the activities requisite to fulfil those objectives. Management behaviour that includes acting as rol e models, use of quality process and tools, encouraging communication, sponsoring feedback activities, and fostering and providing a supporting environment. Continuous improvement Continuous improvement methods can be used to assists Toyota get better their manufactured goods and services and via using continuous improvement in each week or month not matter what size the development is made but progress has to obtain place a model which be able to used is PDCA which stands for plan, do, act and check.The PDCA is a model of continuous improvement which be capable of being employed to get better Toyota goods and services and assisting them to expand new goods and services or even to get better the merit of their manufactured goods and services via preparation how the organisation will get better their manufactured goods and services and then how the Toyota will carry out to the plans and then using the plans and finally confirming if the tactic working and this stages will continues in anticipation of they contain makes new products or services or even better existing products and services.The cause of the effect looks like selected at the outcome of the subject which contain occur carry out via the Toyota for instance they had issues through the excellence of the manufactured goods and the effect of effect would show all the possible cause which are the issues and then they be able to employs the effecting of outcome within their organisation to perceive what issues the they have. By doing that it will helps them to undertake the issues in anticipation of no source of cause or it is reducing therefore, if there is still a issues then they will not be effecting by the results of it.The wherefore why why analysis know how to assists them via status the issues and then asking them how is the issues has happen and once the why why why analysis recognise the issues afterwards in anticipation of the issues is not resolve the why why why analysis is maintains on i nstrument continually to resolve all the issues which they has and after that once known see if they be able to remove all the problems. The six sigma improvement model There are five fundamental varietys or stages in applying the sic- sigma approach to improving performance in a process Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control (DMAIC).These from an improvement cycle grounded in Demings original Plan, Do, Check, Act. In the six- sigma approach, DMAIC provides drop deadthrough strategy and disciplined method of using rigorous data gathering and statistically based analysis to indentify source of errors and ways of eliminating them. It has become increasingly normal in so called six sigma organisation, for people to refer to DMAIC projects these revolve around the three major strategies for processes to bring about rapid bottom line achievements design /redesign, management and improvement.DMAIC (Define, measure, analyze, improve, and control) this is a good problem solving tool to help improve manufacturing quality and productivity. ? Define This is the start of the of DMAIC technique were the team at hand need to try and look into the problem at hand. What is used to help understand the problem with the project would be a project charter which is information on the product. ? Measure The second phase of DMAIC is to grab as much information from the define process so that the improvement team can try to understand how the process operates but are not interested with the problem at this time.This phase is mainly to do with the understanding of the process. ? Analyze Once understanding the process the team now needs to analyze what is the main cause of the problem being studied. ? Improve Once the team have analyzed the problem they can now see what could be make to improve the problem, this is usually done by brainstorming solutions to help the problem. ? Control The last action to be taken would be taking control of the problem by military issue a p lan on what to do and how to sort the problem out. These exponent include 1.Review and update the process map 2. Update any affected work instructions 3. Develop training that describes the newly use methods 4. Determine new metrics to verify the effectiveness of new process 5. Determine if the process changes can be effectively implemented in other processes http//6sixsigma. com/index. php/DMAIC-Cycle. html The second assessment tool Toyota could adopt is called the Fishbone Analysis also known as the ishikawa diagram. This system is designed to identify and lean all the factors that are conditioning the problem at hand.This technique helps understand the scale of a situation. It helps brainstorm information from different perspectives within a team or individually to help solve a problem. It is also known to be a very effective system to help people coming from different backgrounds or professional disciplines to working in a much easier business environment to solve problems. This system has a major advantage because usually teams initiate immediately into fixing a problem without taking the time to plan and understand the problem.This is not a good method because the end result usually ends with only split of the problem having been resolved. The fishbone analysis has a more carful style into understand the problem with its calculated planning brainstorming method. http//www. tda. gov. uk/upload/resources/pdf/f/fishbone_analysis_spring2007. pdf The main problem is written on the right hand side of the paper. On the bottom and top of the stems you type 5-6 key factors of the problems or issues that have to be resolved. http//www. tda. gov. k/upload/resources/pdf/f/fishbone_analysis_spring2007. pdf Now you can use the 5-6 key factors to break down into sub headings of other factors that need to be understood to help the solutions for the main development phase. This is a very good was of working as a team as well, you could have a certain team responsib le for one main fish bone. The PDCA cycle is something that came around in the 1950s and is still being used today on an international level weather it would be in training facilities to business environments.It is a four stage check list that will help you get from problem faced to problem solved. It is a continuous cycle that starts with careful planning, must result in effective action, and must move on again to planning. The way PDCA is used Plan to improve your operation you first need to understand what is going on with careful planning. Do To make the changes and try and solve the problem on a smaller scale. This minimises flapping and while testing weather the changes have taken affect or not. Check This method is to check if the changes are meeting the targets to ensure you know how the output is at all times to identity if any new problems are arising. Act The last stage is to make the changes that are required on a larger scale if the experiment has proven to be succe ssful. In a business this could be getting other departments or even suppliers involved because maybe they may be affected by the changes. Or these people or departments could have been added in the Do stage. http//leadershipchamps. files. wordpress. com/2008/03/pdca. png

Analyzing hso

Sandra Esqueda Elizabeth Montelongo Emma Johnson The Area Agency on agedness department that we visited is locate on 255 S Kansas Ave in Weslaco, Texas. The representative that spoke to us on behalf of The Area Agency on Aging is named Vivian Moreno who is a social role player with a BSW. The Lower Rio Grande Valley Development Council ( LRGVDC) was designated in 1984 by the Texas subdivision on Aging as the Area Agency on Aging of the Lower Rio Grande Valley, one of 28 such argona agencies.These agencies were created by the 1973 amendments o the Older Americans Act of 1965 to ensure that individuals aged 60 and over are treated with dignity, given independence, and provided with the opportunity to contribute to their communities. (http//www. lrgvdc. org/aging. html) Task Environment Relationships with keep Sources Cash Revenues Area Agency on Aging depends on cash in hand coming from state and local funds. Funds are filtered down from the interior(a) level and then distribute d throughout the state for the Rio Grande Branch the break-down of funds was as followed Ill-B Supportive service- $420,000 Ill-c Nutrition servtce-$Ill-E Caregiver- S For a Total -$ Vivian also communicate us that on top of the budget that they have for the fiscal twelvemonth they also get funds from the local level and some persona but they are normally a minimal amount. Vivian also revealed to us that the numbers she gave us were numbers from this year and the fiscal year had end already and are waiting for their new budget but leave alone not receive those numbers until January 2014. Area Agency on Aging, Vivian Moreno) Noncash revenues The mode does use volunteers especially for their Foster

Challenges in Managing Multinational Company Essay

Assalamualaikum, One of the common challenges faced by Malaysian transnational troupe is heathen trans lickation. Culture is the learned, sh ard musical mode of doing things in a particular society. It is the way, for example in which its member eat, dress, greet and diplomacy hotshot another, teach their children, solve everyday problems, and so on ( Schermerhorn, Hunt, Osborn 2003). ethnical diversity in workplace refers to the range of differences between individuals in an organization.It affects the way in which quite a little feel, think and act, and frequently, people either refuse to run into it, or dont want to see it. People from unalike countries always film different tradition and attitudes towards business. Some company decides to set off their organization world(a)ly but unsuccessful because they fail to realize one important thing. They do not change their organization to adapt to the fresh country. Malaysian multinational company grass be successful if they take into a diverse organization which employs people from diverse culture.An international company needs to understand the array market. In order to have fall in understanding of host market, an international market needs to employ topical anesthetics. Hence, in employing local anaesthetic resident international organization opens its doors to pagan diversity. When cultural diversity is not properly pick offd, it caused problem, misunderstandings, and conflicts will arise. I believed that to make Malaysian multinational company successful, it is important that they embrace the fact that the world today has no boundaries.Cultural diversity in workplace and elsewhere should be respected. Employees skills, talents, ideas, and determine mustiness be developed and improved. An organization must be qualified to capture the energy and ideas of all mployees in order to meet the challenges of the private-enterprise(a) marketplace. I also believed that Malaysian multinational comp any can be successful when it comes to managing diversity if they managed to bring people together from different cultural backgrounds and form a collaborative group.As future manager, the key to manage the cross-culture challenges is through developing respect for every person, regardless of his or her cultural background. They should also learn to be more open-minded. Instead of Judging people, they must learn to accept that every individual is unique and everyone can direct to the success of the organization. Advancement in science and technology and the liberalization of vocation under the Asean Free Trade Area and World Trade agreement (WTO) create an economic opportunity as well as radical challenges to Malaysian multinational company.Malaysian nowadays is emerging towards a technology-driven and sophisticated production-based pattern of development in order to meet the challenges of the competitive global marketplace. Although Malaysias competitiveness rating has improve ments. The availability of skilled human with child(p) in Malaysia is not sufficient for technological development to progress. Malaysian school day and universities do not turn out to be problem solver and do not produce skilled, innovative graduates as technology companies demanded. equal to chinaware and India which produce tens of thousands of graduates per year, while Malaysias talent pool is little in comparison. Companies that do not prolong up with technological changes shortly will find their business outdated. This will result on wanting(p) new products and market opportunities. Demographic is the study of human populations in basis of size, density, location, age, gender, race, occupation, and other statistics. The demographic environment is a major interest to marketers because it involves people and people make up market.The worlds population is emergence at a very high rate. The worlds too large and diverse population uncovers great opportunity as well as ch allenges. Thus, for Malaysian multinational company to enter certain market, they must keep close tracks on demographic trends and development in their market, both sign of the zodiac and abroad. In example, if Malaysia multinational were to enter Indian market, they need to understand the trends and outstanding changes in demographic data in determining arketing decisions, to identify opportunities and to squall declining demand.The continuously change magnitude urbanization, rapid growth and use of electronic media have brought changes to the lifestyle and consumption attitudes in urban areas in India, known as middle-class population which has made some essential socio- economic changes -rapidly increasing emphasis on higher professional education, family system from Joint families to thermonuclear families (BiJapurkar,2007) and exposure to western lifestyle and customs. These factors created increasing demands of ariety quality of products and services, in example, brand cl othing, restaurant, home appliances, travel, and so on.In some countries, government interference affects the cognitive operation of the multinational companies. It is a challenge that Malaysia multinational company has to face in the direction of going global. Conflicts and misunderstanding between multinational company and host country government has occurred in recent years.. Government interference takes the form of tariffs, quotas, and other non-tariff restrictions. The threat of nationalization (forcing a company to sell its local assets to the government or to other local ationals) or changes in local business laws and regulations can limit a multinationals power.Examples can be taken from the case of China restriction towards multinational company. accord to New York Times, companies that have operated exclusively in China for years are being targeted with discriminatory policies. Contracts involving state secrets or business secrets are speechless for Chinese companies a nd Chinese bureaucrats have been given broad latitude to get out companies with foreign owners even if the company has been set up in China and have all of its operations in the country. Tenggiling Puitis a. m. n